编辑。从1.2.0版本开始，scipy包含了softmax作为一个特殊函数:

https://scipy.github.io/devdocs/generated/scipy.special.softmax.html

我写了一个在任意轴上应用softmax的函数:

def softmax(X, theta = 1.0, axis = None):
    """
    Compute the softmax of each element along an axis of X.

    Parameters
    ----------
    X: ND-Array. Probably should be floats. 
    theta (optional): float parameter, used as a multiplier
        prior to exponentiation. Default = 1.0
    axis (optional): axis to compute values along. Default is the 
        first non-singleton axis.

    Returns an array the same size as X. The result will sum to 1
    along the specified axis.
    """

    # make X at least 2d
    y = np.atleast_2d(X)

    # find axis
    if axis is None:
        axis = next(j[0] for j in enumerate(y.shape) if j[1] > 1)

    # multiply y against the theta parameter, 
    y = y * float(theta)

    # subtract the max for numerical stability
    y = y - np.expand_dims(np.max(y, axis = axis), axis)

    # exponentiate y
    y = np.exp(y)

    # take the sum along the specified axis
    ax_sum = np.expand_dims(np.sum(y, axis = axis), axis)

    # finally: divide elementwise
    p = y / ax_sum

    # flatten if X was 1D
    if len(X.shape) == 1: p = p.flatten()

    return p

正如其他用户所描述的那样，减去最大值是很好的做法。我在这里写了一篇详细的文章。

编辑。从1.2.0版本开始，scipy包含了softmax作为一个特殊函数:

https://scipy.github.io/devdocs/generated/scipy.special.softmax.html

我写了一个在任意轴上应用softmax的函数:

def softmax(X, theta = 1.0, axis = None):
    """
    Compute the softmax of each element along an axis of X.

    Parameters
    ----------
    X: ND-Array. Probably should be floats. 
    theta (optional): float parameter, used as a multiplier
        prior to exponentiation. Default = 1.0
    axis (optional): axis to compute values along. Default is the 
        first non-singleton axis.

    Returns an array the same size as X. The result will sum to 1
    along the specified axis.
    """

    # make X at least 2d
    y = np.atleast_2d(X)

    # find axis
    if axis is None:
        axis = next(j[0] for j in enumerate(y.shape) if j[1] > 1)

    # multiply y against the theta parameter, 
    y = y * float(theta)

    # subtract the max for numerical stability
    y = y - np.expand_dims(np.max(y, axis = axis), axis)

    # exponentiate y
    y = np.exp(y)

    # take the sum along the specified axis
    ax_sum = np.expand_dims(np.sum(y, axis = axis), axis)

    # finally: divide elementwise
    p = y / ax_sum

    # flatten if X was 1D
    if len(X.shape) == 1: p = p.flatten()

    return p

正如其他用户所描述的那样，减去最大值是很好的做法。我在这里写了一篇详细的文章。

更简明的说法是:

def softmax(x):
    return np.exp(x) / np.exp(x).sum(axis=0)

Sklearn还提供了softmax的实现

from sklearn.utils.extmath import softmax
import numpy as np

x = np.array([[ 0.50839931,  0.49767588,  0.51260159]])
softmax(x)

# output
array([[ 0.3340521 ,  0.33048906,  0.33545884]]) 

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

def softmax(x):
    return (np.exp(x).T / np.exp(x).sum(axis=-1)).T

logits = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [3, 10, 1], [1, 2, 5], [4, 6.5, 1.2], [3, 6, 1]])

sess = tf.Session()
print(softmax(logits))
print(sess.run(tf.nn.softmax(logits)))
sess.close()

(好吧…这里有很多困惑，在问题和答案中…)

首先，这两个解决方案(即你的解决方案和建议的解决方案)是不相等的;它们恰好只在一维分数数组的特殊情况下是等价的。如果你也尝试过Udacity测试提供的例子中的二维分数数组，你就会发现它。

就结果而言，两个解决方案之间的唯一实际区别是axis=0参数。为了了解情况，让我们试试你的解决方案(your_softmax)，其中唯一的区别是axis参数:

import numpy as np

# your solution:
def your_softmax(x):
    """Compute softmax values for each sets of scores in x."""
    e_x = np.exp(x - np.max(x))
    return e_x / e_x.sum()

# correct solution:
def softmax(x):
    """Compute softmax values for each sets of scores in x."""
    e_x = np.exp(x - np.max(x))
    return e_x / e_x.sum(axis=0) # only difference

正如我所说，对于一个1-D分数数组，结果确实是相同的:

scores = [3.0, 1.0, 0.2]
print(your_softmax(scores))
# [ 0.8360188   0.11314284  0.05083836]
print(softmax(scores))
# [ 0.8360188   0.11314284  0.05083836]
your_softmax(scores) == softmax(scores)
# array([ True,  True,  True], dtype=bool)

尽管如此，以下是Udacity测试中给出的二维分数数组作为测试示例的结果:

scores2D = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 6],
                     [2, 4, 5, 6],
                     [3, 8, 7, 6]])

print(your_softmax(scores2D))
# [[  4.89907947e-04   1.33170787e-03   3.61995731e-03   7.27087861e-02]
#  [  1.33170787e-03   9.84006416e-03   2.67480676e-02   7.27087861e-02]
#  [  3.61995731e-03   5.37249300e-01   1.97642972e-01   7.27087861e-02]]

print(softmax(scores2D))
# [[ 0.09003057  0.00242826  0.01587624  0.33333333]
#  [ 0.24472847  0.01794253  0.11731043  0.33333333]
#  [ 0.66524096  0.97962921  0.86681333  0.33333333]]

结果是不同的——第二个结果确实与Udacity测试中预期的结果相同，其中所有列的总和确实为1，而第一个(错误的)结果不是这样。

所以，所有的麻烦实际上是一个实现细节-轴参数。根据numpy。和文档:

默认值axis=None将对输入数组的所有元素求和

而这里我们想按行求和，因此axis=0。对于一个一维数组，(唯一的)行和所有元素的和恰好是相同的，因此在这种情况下你会得到相同的结果…

抛开轴的问题不谈，你的实现(即你选择先减去最大值)实际上比建议的解决方案更好!事实上，这是实现softmax函数的推荐方式-请参阅这里的理由(数值稳定性，也在这里的一些其他答案中指出)。