在Java中,有什么区别:
private final static int NUMBER = 10;
and
private final int NUMBER = 10;
两者都是私有的和final的,不同的是静态属性。
更好的是什么?,为什么?
在Java中,有什么区别:
private final static int NUMBER = 10;
and
private final int NUMBER = 10;
两者都是私有的和final的,不同的是静态属性。
更好的是什么?,为什么?
当前回答
读了答案后,我发现没有真正的测试能真正抓住重点。以下是我的观点:
public class ConstTest
{
private final int value = 10;
private static final int valueStatic = 20;
private final File valueObject = new File("");
private static final File valueObjectStatic = new File("");
public void printAddresses() {
System.out.println("final int address " +
ObjectUtils.identityToString(value));
System.out.println("final static int address " +
ObjectUtils.identityToString(valueStatic));
System.out.println("final file address " +
ObjectUtils.identityToString(valueObject));
System.out.println("final static file address " +
ObjectUtils.identityToString(valueObjectStatic));
}
public static void main(final String args[]) {
final ConstTest firstObj = new ConstTest();
final ConstTest sndObj = new ConstTest();
firstObj.printAdresses();
sndObj.printAdresses();
}
}
第一个对象的结果:
final int address java.lang.Integer@6d9efb05
final static int address java.lang.Integer@60723d7c
final file address java.io.File@6c22c95b
final static file address java.io.File@5fd1acd3
第二个对象的结果:
final int address java.lang.Integer@6d9efb05
final static int address java.lang.Integer@60723d7c
final file address java.io.File@3ea981ca
final static file address java.io.File@5fd1acd3
结论:
正如我认为java使原始类型和其他类型之间的区别。Java中的基本类型总是“缓存”的,对于字符串字面量也是如此(不是新的String对象),所以静态和非静态成员没有区别。
然而,如果非静态成员不是基元类型的实例,则存在内存复制。
将valueStatic的值更改为10甚至可以更进一步,因为Java将为两个int变量提供相同的地址。
其他回答
静态变量属于类(这意味着所有对象共享该变量)。非静态变量属于每个对象。
public class ExperimentFinal {
private final int a;
private static final int b = 999;
public ExperimentFinal(int a) {
super();
this.a = a;
}
public int getA() {
return a;
}
public int getB() {
return b;
}
public void print(int a, int b) {
System.out.println("final int: " + a + " \nstatic final int: " + b);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExperimentFinal test = new ExperimentFinal(9);
test.print(test.getA(), test.getB());
} }
正如你可以看到上面的例子,对于“final int”,我们可以为类的每个实例(对象)分配变量,然而对于“static final int”,我们应该在类中分配一个变量(静态变量属于类)。
如果你使用static,变量的值将在你所有的实例中是相同的,如果在一个实例中改变了,其他实例也会改变。
虽然其他答案似乎很清楚地表明,通常没有理由使用非静态常数,但我找不到任何人指出,可以在常量变量上使用不同值的各种实例。
考虑下面的例子:
public class TestClass {
private final static double NUMBER = Math.random();
public TestClass () {
System.out.println(NUMBER);
}
}
创建三个TestClass实例将打印三次相同的随机值,因为只生成一个值并将其存储到静态常量中。
但是,当尝试下面的例子时:
public class TestClass {
private final double NUMBER = Math.random();
public TestClass () {
System.out.println(NUMBER);
}
}
创建三个TestClass实例现在将打印三个不同的随机值,因为每个实例都有自己随机生成的常量值。
我想不出在任何情况下,在不同的实例上有不同的常量值是真正有用的,但我希望这有助于指出静态韵母和非静态韵母之间有明显的区别。
对于final,可以在初始化时在运行时分配不同的值。 例如
class Test{
public final int a;
}
Test t1 = new Test();
t1.a = 10;
Test t2 = new Test();
t2.a = 20; //fixed
因此,每个实例都有不同的字段a值。
对于静态final,所有实例共享相同的值,并且在第一次初始化后不能更改。
class TestStatic{
public static final int a = 0;
}
TestStatic t1 = new TestStatic();
t1.a = 10; // ERROR, CAN'T BE ALTERED AFTER THE FIRST
TestStatic t2 = new TestStatic();
t1.a = 20; // ERROR, CAN'T BE ALTERED AFTER THE FIRST INITIALIZATION.
这是另一个简单的例子来理解静态,静态final, final变量的用法。代码注释有适当的解释。
public class City {
// base price that is always same for all objects[For all cities].
private static double iphone_base_price = 10000;
// this is total price = iphone_base_price+iphone_diff;
private double iphone_citi_price;
// extra price added to iphone_base_price. It is constant per city. Every
// city has its own difference defined,
private final double iphone_diff;
private String cityName = "";
// static final will be accessible everywhere within the class but cant be
// changed once initialized.
private static final String countryName = "India";
public City(String cityName, double iphone_diff) {
super();
this.iphone_diff = iphone_diff;
iphone_citi_price = iphone_base_price + iphone_diff;
this.cityName = cityName;
}
/**
* get phone price
*
* @return
*/
private double getPrice() {
return iphone_citi_price;
}
/**
* Get city name
*
* @return
*/
private String getCityName() {
return cityName;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 300 is the
City newyork = new City("Newyork", 300);
System.out.println(newyork.getPrice() + " " + newyork.getCityName());
City california = new City("California", 800);
System.out.println(california.getPrice() + " " + california.getCityName());
// We cant write below statement as a final variable can not be
// reassigned
// california.iphone_diff=1000; //************************
// base price is defined for a class and not per instances.
// For any number of object creation, static variable's value would be the same
// for all instances until and unless changed.
// Also it is accessible anywhere inside a class.
iphone_base_price = 9000;
City delhi = new City("delhi", 400);
System.out.println(delhi.getPrice() + " " + delhi.getCityName());
City moscow = new City("delhi", 500);
System.out.println(moscow.getPrice() + " " + moscow.getCityName());
// Here countryName is accessible as it is static but we can not change it as it is final as well.
//Something are meant to be accessible with no permission to modify it.
//Try un-commenting below statements
System.out.println(countryName);
// countryName="INDIA";
// System.out.println(countryName);
}
}