我希望能够在一个包中编写一个Java类,它可以访问另一个包中类的非公共方法,而不必使它成为另一个类的子类。这可能吗?
当前回答
例如,“朋友”概念在Java中很有用,可以将API与其实现分开。实现类通常需要访问API类的内部内容,但这些内容不应该公开给API客户端。这可以使用“朋友访问器”模式来实现,如下所示:
通过API公开的类:
package api;
public final class Exposed {
static {
// Declare classes in the implementation package as 'friends'
Accessor.setInstance(new AccessorImpl());
}
// Only accessible by 'friend' classes.
Exposed() {
}
// Only accessible by 'friend' classes.
void sayHello() {
System.out.println("Hello");
}
static final class AccessorImpl extends Accessor {
protected Exposed createExposed() {
return new Exposed();
}
protected void sayHello(Exposed exposed) {
exposed.sayHello();
}
}
}
提供'friend'功能的类:
package impl;
public abstract class Accessor {
private static Accessor instance;
static Accessor getInstance() {
Accessor a = instance;
if (a != null) {
return a;
}
return createInstance();
}
private static Accessor createInstance() {
try {
Class.forName(Exposed.class.getName(), true,
Exposed.class.getClassLoader());
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
throw new IllegalStateException(e);
}
return instance;
}
public static void setInstance(Accessor accessor) {
if (instance != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException(
"Accessor instance already set");
}
instance = accessor;
}
protected abstract Exposed createExposed();
protected abstract void sayHello(Exposed exposed);
}
从'friend'实现包中的类的访问示例:
package impl;
public final class FriendlyAccessExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Accessor accessor = Accessor.getInstance();
Exposed exposed = accessor.createExposed();
accessor.sayHello(exposed);
}
}
其他回答
下面是一个具有可重用Friend类的清晰用例示例。这种机制的好处是使用简单。也许给单元测试类比应用程序的其他部分更多的访问权是好的。
首先,这里有一个如何使用Friend类的示例。
public class Owner {
private final String member = "value";
public String getMember(final Friend friend) {
// Make sure only a friend is accepted.
friend.is(Other.class);
return member;
}
}
然后在另一个包中你可以这样做:
public class Other {
private final Friend friend = new Friend(this);
public void test() {
String s = new Owner().getMember(friend);
System.out.println(s);
}
}
Friend类如下所示。
public final class Friend {
private final Class as;
public Friend(final Object is) {
as = is.getClass();
}
public void is(final Class c) {
if (c == as)
return;
throw new ClassCastException(String.format("%s is not an expected friend.", as.getName()));
}
public void is(final Class... classes) {
for (final Class c : classes)
if (c == as)
return;
is((Class)null);
}
}
然而,问题是,它可能会被这样滥用:
public class Abuser {
public void doBadThings() {
Friend badFriend = new Friend(new Other());
String s = new Owner().getMember(badFriend);
System.out.println(s);
}
}
现在,Other类可能确实没有任何公共构造函数,因此不可能实现上面的Abuser代码。但是,如果您的类确实有一个公共构造函数,那么可能建议将Friend类复制为内部类。以Other2类为例:
public class Other2 {
private final Friend friend = new Friend();
public final class Friend {
private Friend() {}
public void check() {}
}
public void test() {
String s = new Owner2().getMember(friend);
System.out.println(s);
}
}
然后Owner2类是这样的:
public class Owner2 {
private final String member = "value";
public String getMember(final Other2.Friend friend) {
friend.check();
return member;
}
}
注意Other2。Friend类有一个私有构造函数,因此这是一种更安全的方式。
这里有一个小技巧,我用JAVA复制c++的朋友机制。
假设我有一个类罗密欧和另一个类朱丽叶。因为仇恨的原因,他们在不同的包裹(家庭)里。
罗密欧想要拥抱朱丽叶,而朱丽叶只想让罗密欧拥抱她。
在c++中,朱丽叶会宣布罗密欧是(恋人)朋友,但在java中没有这样的事情。
下面是这些类和诀窍:
女士优先:
package capulet;
import montague.Romeo;
public class Juliet {
public static void cuddle(Romeo.Love love) {
Objects.requireNonNull(love);
System.out.println("O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?");
}
}
这就是朱丽叶的方法。拥抱是公开的,但你需要一个罗密欧。我喜欢这么称呼它。它用的是罗密欧。Love作为“签名安全”,以确保只有Romeo可以调用此方法并检查爱是否真实,以便运行时在它为空时抛出NullPointerException。
现在,孩子们:
package montague;
import capulet.Juliet;
public class Romeo {
public static final class Love { private Love() {} }
private static final Love love = new Love();
public static void cuddleJuliet() {
Juliet.cuddle(love);
}
}
罗密欧班。爱是公开的,但它的创造者却是私人的。因此,任何人都可以看到它,但只有罗密欧才能建造它。我用了一个静态的参考,所以罗密欧。从未使用过的爱只会被构建一次,不会影响优化。
因此,罗密欧可以拥抱朱丽叶,而且只有他可以,因为只有他可以构建和接近一个罗密欧。Love实例,Juliet需要它来拥抱她(否则她会用NullPointerException打你)。
没有使用关键字左右。
你可以使用反射等“作弊”,但我不建议“作弊”。
例如,“朋友”概念在Java中很有用,可以将API与其实现分开。实现类通常需要访问API类的内部内容,但这些内容不应该公开给API客户端。这可以使用“朋友访问器”模式来实现,如下所示:
通过API公开的类:
package api;
public final class Exposed {
static {
// Declare classes in the implementation package as 'friends'
Accessor.setInstance(new AccessorImpl());
}
// Only accessible by 'friend' classes.
Exposed() {
}
// Only accessible by 'friend' classes.
void sayHello() {
System.out.println("Hello");
}
static final class AccessorImpl extends Accessor {
protected Exposed createExposed() {
return new Exposed();
}
protected void sayHello(Exposed exposed) {
exposed.sayHello();
}
}
}
提供'friend'功能的类:
package impl;
public abstract class Accessor {
private static Accessor instance;
static Accessor getInstance() {
Accessor a = instance;
if (a != null) {
return a;
}
return createInstance();
}
private static Accessor createInstance() {
try {
Class.forName(Exposed.class.getName(), true,
Exposed.class.getClassLoader());
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
throw new IllegalStateException(e);
}
return instance;
}
public static void setInstance(Accessor accessor) {
if (instance != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException(
"Accessor instance already set");
}
instance = accessor;
}
protected abstract Exposed createExposed();
protected abstract void sayHello(Exposed exposed);
}
从'friend'实现包中的类的访问示例:
package impl;
public final class FriendlyAccessExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Accessor accessor = Accessor.getInstance();
Exposed exposed = accessor.createExposed();
accessor.sayHello(exposed);
}
}
我发现解决这个问题的一个方法是创建一个accessor对象,如下所示:
class Foo {
private String locked;
/* Anyone can get locked. */
public String getLocked() { return locked; }
/* This is the accessor. Anyone with a reference to this has special access. */
public class FooAccessor {
private FooAccessor (){};
public void setLocked(String locked) { Foo.this.locked = locked; }
}
private FooAccessor accessor;
/** You get an accessor by calling this method. This method can only
* be called once, so calling is like claiming ownership of the accessor. */
public FooAccessor getAccessor() {
if (accessor != null)
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot return accessor more than once!");
return accessor = new FooAccessor();
}
}
调用getAccessor()的第一个代码声明访问器的所有权。通常,这是创建对象的代码。
Foo bar = new Foo(); //This object is safe to share.
FooAccessor barAccessor = bar.getAccessor(); //This one is not.
这也比c++的友元机制有一个优势,因为它允许您在每个实例级别限制访问,而不是在每个类级别限制访问。通过控制访问器引用,可以控制对对象的访问。你也可以创建多个访问器,并给每个访问器不同的访问权限,这允许细粒度地控制哪些代码可以访问哪些:
class Foo {
private String secret;
private String locked;
/* Anyone can get locked. */
public String getLocked() { return locked; }
/* Normal accessor. Can write to locked, but not read secret. */
public class FooAccessor {
private FooAccessor (){};
public void setLocked(String locked) { Foo.this.locked = locked; }
}
private FooAccessor accessor;
public FooAccessor getAccessor() {
if (accessor != null)
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot return accessor more than once!");
return accessor = new FooAccessor();
}
/* Super accessor. Allows access to secret. */
public class FooSuperAccessor {
private FooSuperAccessor (){};
public String getSecret() { return Foo.this.secret; }
}
private FooSuperAccessor superAccessor;
public FooSuperAccessor getAccessor() {
if (superAccessor != null)
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot return accessor more than once!");
return superAccessor = new FooSuperAccessor();
}
}
最后,如果您想让事情更有条理,您可以创建一个引用对象,它将所有内容放在一起。这允许您使用一个方法调用来声明所有访问器,并将它们与其链接的实例保持在一起。一旦你有了引用,你就可以把访问器传递给需要它的代码:
class Foo {
private String secret;
private String locked;
public String getLocked() { return locked; }
public class FooAccessor {
private FooAccessor (){};
public void setLocked(String locked) { Foo.this.locked = locked; }
}
public class FooSuperAccessor {
private FooSuperAccessor (){};
public String getSecret() { return Foo.this.secret; }
}
public class FooReference {
public final Foo foo;
public final FooAccessor accessor;
public final FooSuperAccessor superAccessor;
private FooReference() {
this.foo = Foo.this;
this.accessor = new FooAccessor();
this.superAccessor = new FooSuperAccessor();
}
}
private FooReference reference;
/* Beware, anyone with this object has *all* the accessors! */
public FooReference getReference() {
if (reference != null)
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot return reference more than once!");
return reference = new FooReference();
}
}
在多次碰头会之后(不是那种好的碰头会),这是我的最终解决方案,我非常喜欢它。它灵活,使用简单,并且允许对类访问进行很好的控制。(只有参考的访问非常有用。)如果你使用protected而不是private作为访问器/引用,Foo的子类甚至可以从getReference返回扩展的引用。它也不需要任何反射,因此可以在任何环境中使用。