只是为了完成，这是谷歌番石榴库的代码。这不是我的代码，但我认为在这个线程中展示它是有价值的。

  /** Maximum loop count when creating temp directories. */
  private static final int TEMP_DIR_ATTEMPTS = 10000;

  /**
   * Atomically creates a new directory somewhere beneath the system's temporary directory (as
   * defined by the {@code java.io.tmpdir} system property), and returns its name.
   *
   * <p>Use this method instead of {@link File#createTempFile(String, String)} when you wish to
   * create a directory, not a regular file. A common pitfall is to call {@code createTempFile},
   * delete the file and create a directory in its place, but this leads a race condition which can
   * be exploited to create security vulnerabilities, especially when executable files are to be
   * written into the directory.
   *
   * <p>This method assumes that the temporary volume is writable, has free inodes and free blocks,
   * and that it will not be called thousands of times per second.
   *
   * @return the newly-created directory
   * @throws IllegalStateException if the directory could not be created
   */
  public static File createTempDir() {
    File baseDir = new File(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"));
    String baseName = System.currentTimeMillis() + "-";

    for (int counter = 0; counter < TEMP_DIR_ATTEMPTS; counter++) {
      File tempDir = new File(baseDir, baseName + counter);
      if (tempDir.mkdir()) {
        return tempDir;
      }
    }
    throw new IllegalStateException(
        "Failed to create directory within "
            + TEMP_DIR_ATTEMPTS
            + " attempts (tried "
            + baseName
            + "0 to "
            + baseName
            + (TEMP_DIR_ATTEMPTS - 1)
            + ')');
  }

这是我决定为我自己的代码所做的:

/**
 * Create a new temporary directory. Use something like
 * {@link #recursiveDelete(File)} to clean this directory up since it isn't
 * deleted automatically
 * @return  the new directory
 * @throws IOException if there is an error creating the temporary directory
 */
public static File createTempDir() throws IOException
{
    final File sysTempDir = new File(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"));
    File newTempDir;
    final int maxAttempts = 9;
    int attemptCount = 0;
    do
    {
        attemptCount++;
        if(attemptCount > maxAttempts)
        {
            throw new IOException(
                    "The highly improbable has occurred! Failed to " +
                    "create a unique temporary directory after " +
                    maxAttempts + " attempts.");
        }
        String dirName = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
        newTempDir = new File(sysTempDir, dirName);
    } while(newTempDir.exists());

    if(newTempDir.mkdirs())
    {
        return newTempDir;
    }
    else
    {
        throw new IOException(
                "Failed to create temp dir named " +
                newTempDir.getAbsolutePath());
    }
}

/**
 * Recursively delete file or directory
 * @param fileOrDir
 *          the file or dir to delete
 * @return
 *          true iff all files are successfully deleted
 */
public static boolean recursiveDelete(File fileOrDir)
{
    if(fileOrDir.isDirectory())
    {
        // recursively delete contents
        for(File innerFile: fileOrDir.listFiles())
        {
            if(!FileUtilities.recursiveDelete(innerFile))
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    return fileOrDir.delete();
}

谷歌Guava库有大量有用的实用程序。这里需要注意的是Files类。它有很多有用的方法，包括:

File myTempDir = Files.createTempDir();

这正是您在一行中要求的。如果您阅读这里的文档，您将看到File的建议改编。createTempFile("install"， "dir")通常会引入安全漏洞。

这段代码应该可以很好地工作:

public static File createTempDir() {
    final String baseTempPath = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");

    Random rand = new Random();
    int randomInt = 1 + rand.nextInt();

    File tempDir = new File(baseTempPath + File.separator + "tempDir" + randomInt);
    if (tempDir.exists() == false) {
        tempDir.mkdir();
    }

    tempDir.deleteOnExit();

    return tempDir;
}

使用file# createTempFile和delete为目录创建一个唯一的名称似乎是可以的。您应该添加一个ShutdownHook，以便在JVM关闭时(递归地)删除目录。

为解决这个问题而编写的天真代码会受到竞争条件的影响，包括这里的几个答案。从历史上看，您可以仔细考虑竞争条件并自己编写它，或者您可以使用第三方库，如谷歌的Guava(正如Spina的回答所建议的那样)。或者你可以编写有bug的代码。

但是对于JDK 7，有一个好消息!Java标准库本身现在为这个问题提供了一个正常工作的(非刺激性的)解决方案。你需要java.nio.file.Files#createTempDirectory()。从文档中可以看到:

public static Path createTempDirectory(Path dir,
                       String prefix,
                       FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
                                throws IOException

在指定目录中创建一个新目录，使用给定的前缀生成其名称。生成的Path与给定目录的相同文件系统相关联。

关于如何构造目录名称的详细信息取决于实现，因此没有指定。在可能的情况下，前缀用于构造候选名称。

这有效地解决了Sun bug跟踪器中要求这样一个功能的令人尴尬的古老bug报告。