我希望使用shell脚本调用长形式和短形式的命令行选项。
我知道可以使用getopts，但是像在Perl中一样，我不能用shell做同样的事情。
关于如何做到这一点的任何想法，这样我就可以使用如下选项:
./shell.sh --copyfile abc.pl /tmp/
./shell.sh -c abc.pl /tmp/
在上面，这两个命令对我的shell意味着同样的事情，但使用getopts，我还不能实现这些?
当前回答
使用带有短/长选项和参数的getopts
适用于所有组合，例如:
Foobar -f——bar Foobar——foo -b Foobar -bf -bar - Foobar foobar -fbFBAshorty——bar -FB——arguments=longhorn foobar -fA "text shorty" -B——arguments="text longhorn" bash foobar -F—barfoo sh foobar - b——foobar -… bash ./foobar -F——bar
本例中的一些声明
Options=$@
Optnum=$#
sfoo='no '
sbar='no '
sfoobar='no '
sbarfoo='no '
sarguments='no '
sARG=empty
lfoo='no '
lbar='no '
lfoobar='no '
lbarfoo='no '
larguments='no '
lARG=empty
Usage函数看起来如何
function _usage()
{
###### U S A G E : Help and ERROR ######
cat <<EOF
foobar $Options
$*
Usage: foobar <[options]>
Options:
-b --bar Set bar to yes ($foo)
-f --foo Set foo to yes ($bart)
-h --help Show this message
-A --arguments=... Set arguments to yes ($arguments) AND get ARGUMENT ($ARG)
-B --barfoo Set barfoo to yes ($barfoo)
-F --foobar Set foobar to yes ($foobar)
EOF
}
[ $# = 0 ] && _usage " >>>>>>>> no options given "
具有长/短标志和长参数的getop
while getopts ':bfh-A:BF' OPTION ; do
case "$OPTION" in
b ) sbar=yes ;;
f ) sfoo=yes ;;
h ) _usage ;;
A ) sarguments=yes;sARG="$OPTARG" ;;
B ) sbarfoo=yes ;;
F ) sfoobar=yes ;;
- ) [ $OPTIND -ge 1 ] && optind=$(expr $OPTIND - 1 ) || optind=$OPTIND
eval OPTION="\$$optind"
OPTARG=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f2)
OPTION=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f1)
case $OPTION in
--foo ) lfoo=yes ;;
--bar ) lbar=yes ;;
--foobar ) lfoobar=yes ;;
--barfoo ) lbarfoo=yes ;;
--help ) _usage ;;
--arguments ) larguments=yes;lARG="$OPTARG" ;;
* ) _usage " Long: >>>>>>>> invalid options (long) " ;;
esac
OPTIND=1
shift
;;
? ) _usage "Short: >>>>>>>> invalid options (short) " ;;
esac
done
输出
##################################################################
echo "----------------------------------------------------------"
echo "RESULT short-foo : $sfoo long-foo : $lfoo"
echo "RESULT short-bar : $sbar long-bar : $lbar"
echo "RESULT short-foobar : $sfoobar long-foobar : $lfoobar"
echo "RESULT short-barfoo : $sbarfoo long-barfoo : $lbarfoo"
echo "RESULT short-arguments: $sarguments with Argument = \"$sARG\" long-arguments: $larguments and $lARG"
将上述内容组合成一个内聚脚本
#!/bin/bash
# foobar: getopts with short and long options AND arguments
function _cleanup ()
{
unset -f _usage _cleanup ; return 0
}
## Clear out nested functions on exit
trap _cleanup INT EXIT RETURN
###### some declarations for this example ######
Options=$@
Optnum=$#
sfoo='no '
sbar='no '
sfoobar='no '
sbarfoo='no '
sarguments='no '
sARG=empty
lfoo='no '
lbar='no '
lfoobar='no '
lbarfoo='no '
larguments='no '
lARG=empty
function _usage()
{
###### U S A G E : Help and ERROR ######
cat <<EOF
foobar $Options
$*
Usage: foobar <[options]>
Options:
-b --bar Set bar to yes ($foo)
-f --foo Set foo to yes ($bart)
-h --help Show this message
-A --arguments=... Set arguments to yes ($arguments) AND get ARGUMENT ($ARG)
-B --barfoo Set barfoo to yes ($barfoo)
-F --foobar Set foobar to yes ($foobar)
EOF
}
[ $# = 0 ] && _usage " >>>>>>>> no options given "
##################################################################
####### "getopts" with: short options AND long options #######
####### AND short/long arguments #######
while getopts ':bfh-A:BF' OPTION ; do
case "$OPTION" in
b ) sbar=yes ;;
f ) sfoo=yes ;;
h ) _usage ;;
A ) sarguments=yes;sARG="$OPTARG" ;;
B ) sbarfoo=yes ;;
F ) sfoobar=yes ;;
- ) [ $OPTIND -ge 1 ] && optind=$(expr $OPTIND - 1 ) || optind=$OPTIND
eval OPTION="\$$optind"
OPTARG=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f2)
OPTION=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f1)
case $OPTION in
--foo ) lfoo=yes ;;
--bar ) lbar=yes ;;
--foobar ) lfoobar=yes ;;
--barfoo ) lbarfoo=yes ;;
--help ) _usage ;;
--arguments ) larguments=yes;lARG="$OPTARG" ;;
* ) _usage " Long: >>>>>>>> invalid options (long) " ;;
esac
OPTIND=1
shift
;;
? ) _usage "Short: >>>>>>>> invalid options (short) " ;;
esac
done
其他回答
在ksh93中，getopts支持长名字…
while getopts "f(file):s(server):" flag
do
echo "$flag" $OPTIND $OPTARG
done
至少我找到的教程是这么说的。试试看。
我想要一个没有外部依赖关系、有严格bash支持(-u)的东西，而且我需要它能在较旧的bash版本上工作。这个函数处理各种类型的参数:
短bool (-h) 短选项(-i "image.jpg") 长boos(——救命) = options(——file="filename.ext") 空格选项(——file "filename.ext") 连接的bool (-hvm)
只需在脚本顶部插入以下内容:
# Check if a list of params contains a specific param
# usage: if _param_variant "h|?|help p|path f|file long-thing t|test-thing" "file" ; then ...
# the global variable $key is updated to the long notation (last entry in the pipe delineated list, if applicable)
_param_variant() {
for param in $1 ; do
local variants=${param//\|/ }
for variant in $variants ; do
if [[ "$variant" = "$2" ]] ; then
# Update the key to match the long version
local arr=(${param//\|/ })
let last=${#arr[@]}-1
key="${arr[$last]}"
return 0
fi
done
done
return 1
}
# Get input parameters in short or long notation, with no dependencies beyond bash
# usage:
# # First, set your defaults
# param_help=false
# param_path="."
# param_file=false
# param_image=false
# param_image_lossy=true
# # Define allowed parameters
# allowed_params="h|?|help p|path f|file i|image image-lossy"
# # Get parameters from the arguments provided
# _get_params $*
#
# Parameters will be converted into safe variable names like:
# param_help,
# param_path,
# param_file,
# param_image,
# param_image_lossy
#
# Parameters without a value like "-h" or "--help" will be treated as
# boolean, and will be set as param_help=true
#
# Parameters can accept values in the various typical ways:
# -i "path/goes/here"
# --image "path/goes/here"
# --image="path/goes/here"
# --image=path/goes/here
# These would all result in effectively the same thing:
# param_image="path/goes/here"
#
# Concatinated short parameters (boolean) are also supported
# -vhm is the same as -v -h -m
_get_params(){
local param_pair
local key
local value
local shift_count
while : ; do
# Ensure we have a valid param. Allows this to work even in -u mode.
if [[ $# == 0 || -z $1 ]] ; then
break
fi
# Split the argument if it contains "="
param_pair=(${1//=/ })
# Remove preceeding dashes
key="${param_pair[0]#--}"
# Check for concatinated boolean short parameters.
local nodash="${key#-}"
local breakout=false
if [[ "$nodash" != "$key" && ${#nodash} -gt 1 ]]; then
# Extrapolate multiple boolean keys in single dash notation. ie. "-vmh" should translate to: "-v -m -h"
local short_param_count=${#nodash}
let new_arg_count=$#+$short_param_count-1
local new_args=""
# $str_pos is the current position in the short param string $nodash
for (( str_pos=0; str_pos<new_arg_count; str_pos++ )); do
# The first character becomes the current key
if [ $str_pos -eq 0 ] ; then
key="${nodash:$str_pos:1}"
breakout=true
fi
# $arg_pos is the current position in the constructed arguments list
let arg_pos=$str_pos+1
if [ $arg_pos -gt $short_param_count ] ; then
# handle other arguments
let orignal_arg_number=$arg_pos-$short_param_count+1
local new_arg="${!orignal_arg_number}"
else
# break out our one argument into new ones
local new_arg="-${nodash:$str_pos:1}"
fi
new_args="$new_args \"$new_arg\""
done
# remove the preceding space and set the new arguments
eval set -- "${new_args# }"
fi
if ! $breakout ; then
key="$nodash"
fi
# By default we expect to shift one argument at a time
shift_count=1
if [ "${#param_pair[@]}" -gt "1" ] ; then
# This is a param with equals notation
value="${param_pair[1]}"
else
# This is either a boolean param and there is no value,
# or the value is the next command line argument
# Assume the value is a boolean true, unless the next argument is found to be a value.
value=true
if [[ $# -gt 1 && -n "$2" ]]; then
local nodash="${2#-}"
if [ "$nodash" = "$2" ]; then
# The next argument has NO preceding dash so it is a value
value="$2"
shift_count=2
fi
fi
fi
# Check that the param being passed is one of the allowed params
if _param_variant "$allowed_params" "$key" ; then
# --key-name will now become param_key_name
eval param_${key//-/_}="$value"
else
printf 'WARNING: Unknown option (ignored): %s\n' "$1" >&2
fi
shift $shift_count
done
}
像这样使用它:
# Assign defaults for parameters
param_help=false
param_path=$(pwd)
param_file=false
param_image=true
param_image_lossy=true
param_image_lossy_quality=85
# Define the params we will allow
allowed_params="h|?|help p|path f|file i|image image-lossy image-lossy-quality"
# Get the params from arguments provided
_get_params $*
可以考虑以下三种实现方式:
Bash内置的getopts。这不支持带有双破折号前缀的长选项名。它只支持单字符选项。 BSD UNIX实现的独立getopt命令(这是MacOS使用的)。这也不支持长选项。 独立getopt的GNU实现。GNU getopt(3)(由Linux上的命令行getopt(1)使用)支持解析长选项。
其他一些答案给出了使用bash内置getopts模拟长选项的解决方案。该解决方案实际上生成了一个字符为“-”的短选项。所以你得到“——”作为标志。然后，后面的所有内容都变成OPTARG，并使用嵌套的case测试OPTARG。
这很聪明，但也需要注意:
getopts不能强制执行opt规范。如果用户提供了无效的选项，它不能返回错误。在解析OPTARG时，您必须自己进行错误检查。 OPTARG用于长选项名称，当长选项本身有参数时，这会使使用复杂化。你最终不得不自己编写代码作为一个额外的案例。
因此，虽然可以编写更多的代码来解决长选项支持不足的问题，但工作量要大得多，并且在一定程度上违背了使用getopt解析器来简化代码的目的。
使用带有短/长选项和参数的getopts
适用于所有组合，例如:
Foobar -f——bar Foobar——foo -b Foobar -bf -bar - Foobar foobar -fbFBAshorty——bar -FB——arguments=longhorn foobar -fA "text shorty" -B——arguments="text longhorn" bash foobar -F—barfoo sh foobar - b——foobar -… bash ./foobar -F——bar
本例中的一些声明
Options=$@
Optnum=$#
sfoo='no '
sbar='no '
sfoobar='no '
sbarfoo='no '
sarguments='no '
sARG=empty
lfoo='no '
lbar='no '
lfoobar='no '
lbarfoo='no '
larguments='no '
lARG=empty
Usage函数看起来如何
function _usage()
{
###### U S A G E : Help and ERROR ######
cat <<EOF
foobar $Options
$*
Usage: foobar <[options]>
Options:
-b --bar Set bar to yes ($foo)
-f --foo Set foo to yes ($bart)
-h --help Show this message
-A --arguments=... Set arguments to yes ($arguments) AND get ARGUMENT ($ARG)
-B --barfoo Set barfoo to yes ($barfoo)
-F --foobar Set foobar to yes ($foobar)
EOF
}
[ $# = 0 ] && _usage " >>>>>>>> no options given "
具有长/短标志和长参数的getop
while getopts ':bfh-A:BF' OPTION ; do
case "$OPTION" in
b ) sbar=yes ;;
f ) sfoo=yes ;;
h ) _usage ;;
A ) sarguments=yes;sARG="$OPTARG" ;;
B ) sbarfoo=yes ;;
F ) sfoobar=yes ;;
- ) [ $OPTIND -ge 1 ] && optind=$(expr $OPTIND - 1 ) || optind=$OPTIND
eval OPTION="\$$optind"
OPTARG=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f2)
OPTION=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f1)
case $OPTION in
--foo ) lfoo=yes ;;
--bar ) lbar=yes ;;
--foobar ) lfoobar=yes ;;
--barfoo ) lbarfoo=yes ;;
--help ) _usage ;;
--arguments ) larguments=yes;lARG="$OPTARG" ;;
* ) _usage " Long: >>>>>>>> invalid options (long) " ;;
esac
OPTIND=1
shift
;;
? ) _usage "Short: >>>>>>>> invalid options (short) " ;;
esac
done
输出
##################################################################
echo "----------------------------------------------------------"
echo "RESULT short-foo : $sfoo long-foo : $lfoo"
echo "RESULT short-bar : $sbar long-bar : $lbar"
echo "RESULT short-foobar : $sfoobar long-foobar : $lfoobar"
echo "RESULT short-barfoo : $sbarfoo long-barfoo : $lbarfoo"
echo "RESULT short-arguments: $sarguments with Argument = \"$sARG\" long-arguments: $larguments and $lARG"
将上述内容组合成一个内聚脚本
#!/bin/bash
# foobar: getopts with short and long options AND arguments
function _cleanup ()
{
unset -f _usage _cleanup ; return 0
}
## Clear out nested functions on exit
trap _cleanup INT EXIT RETURN
###### some declarations for this example ######
Options=$@
Optnum=$#
sfoo='no '
sbar='no '
sfoobar='no '
sbarfoo='no '
sarguments='no '
sARG=empty
lfoo='no '
lbar='no '
lfoobar='no '
lbarfoo='no '
larguments='no '
lARG=empty
function _usage()
{
###### U S A G E : Help and ERROR ######
cat <<EOF
foobar $Options
$*
Usage: foobar <[options]>
Options:
-b --bar Set bar to yes ($foo)
-f --foo Set foo to yes ($bart)
-h --help Show this message
-A --arguments=... Set arguments to yes ($arguments) AND get ARGUMENT ($ARG)
-B --barfoo Set barfoo to yes ($barfoo)
-F --foobar Set foobar to yes ($foobar)
EOF
}
[ $# = 0 ] && _usage " >>>>>>>> no options given "
##################################################################
####### "getopts" with: short options AND long options #######
####### AND short/long arguments #######
while getopts ':bfh-A:BF' OPTION ; do
case "$OPTION" in
b ) sbar=yes ;;
f ) sfoo=yes ;;
h ) _usage ;;
A ) sarguments=yes;sARG="$OPTARG" ;;
B ) sbarfoo=yes ;;
F ) sfoobar=yes ;;
- ) [ $OPTIND -ge 1 ] && optind=$(expr $OPTIND - 1 ) || optind=$OPTIND
eval OPTION="\$$optind"
OPTARG=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f2)
OPTION=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f1)
case $OPTION in
--foo ) lfoo=yes ;;
--bar ) lbar=yes ;;
--foobar ) lfoobar=yes ;;
--barfoo ) lbarfoo=yes ;;
--help ) _usage ;;
--arguments ) larguments=yes;lARG="$OPTARG" ;;
* ) _usage " Long: >>>>>>>> invalid options (long) " ;;
esac
OPTIND=1
shift
;;
? ) _usage "Short: >>>>>>>> invalid options (short) " ;;
esac
done
发明了另一个版本的轮子……
这个函数(希望)是一个posix兼容的普通bourne shell替换GNU getopt。它支持短/长选项，可以接受强制/可选/无参数，并且指定选项的方式几乎与GNU getopt相同，因此转换是微不足道的。
当然，要放入脚本中，这仍然是相当大的代码块，但它大约是众所周知的getopt_long shell函数的一半行数，并且在您只想替换现有的GNU getopt使用的情况下可能更可取。
这是相当新的代码，所以是YMMV(如果因为某种原因它实际上与POSIX不兼容，请务必告诉我——可移植性是一开始的意图，但我没有一个有用的POSIX测试环境)。
代码和示例用法如下:
#!/bin/sh
# posix_getopt shell function
# Author: Phil S.
# Version: 1.0
# Created: 2016-07-05
# URL: http://stackoverflow.com/a/37087374/324105
# POSIX-compatible argument quoting and parameter save/restore
# http://www.etalabs.net/sh_tricks.html
# Usage:
# parameters=$(save "$@") # save the original parameters.
# eval "set -- ${parameters}" # restore the saved parameters.
save () {
local param
for param; do
printf %s\\n "$param" \
| sed "s/'/'\\\\''/g;1s/^/'/;\$s/\$/' \\\\/"
done
printf %s\\n " "
}
# Exit with status $1 after displaying error message $2.
exiterr () {
printf %s\\n "$2" >&2
exit $1
}
# POSIX-compatible command line option parsing.
# This function supports long options and optional arguments, and is
# a (largely-compatible) drop-in replacement for GNU getopt.
#
# Instead of:
# opts=$(getopt -o "$shortopts" -l "$longopts" -- "$@")
# eval set -- ${opts}
#
# We instead use:
# opts=$(posix_getopt "$shortopts" "$longopts" "$@")
# eval "set -- ${opts}"
posix_getopt () { # args: "$shortopts" "$longopts" "$@"
local shortopts longopts \
arg argtype getopt nonopt opt optchar optword suffix
shortopts="$1"
longopts="$2"
shift 2
getopt=
nonopt=
while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
opt=
arg=
argtype=
case "$1" in
# '--' means don't parse the remaining options
( -- ) {
getopt="${getopt}$(save "$@")"
shift $#
break
};;
# process short option
( -[!-]* ) { # -x[foo]
suffix=${1#-?} # foo
opt=${1%$suffix} # -x
optchar=${opt#-} # x
case "${shortopts}" in
( *${optchar}::* ) { # optional argument
argtype=optional
arg="${suffix}"
shift
};;
( *${optchar}:* ) { # required argument
argtype=required
if [ -n "${suffix}" ]; then
arg="${suffix}"
shift
else
case "$2" in
( -* ) exiterr 1 "$1 requires an argument";;
( ?* ) arg="$2"; shift 2;;
( * ) exiterr 1 "$1 requires an argument";;
esac
fi
};;
( *${optchar}* ) { # no argument
argtype=none
arg=
shift
# Handle multiple no-argument parameters combined as
# -xyz instead of -x -y -z. If we have just shifted
# parameter -xyz, we now replace it with -yz (which
# will be processed in the next iteration).
if [ -n "${suffix}" ]; then
eval "set -- $(save "-${suffix}")$(save "$@")"
fi
};;
( * ) exiterr 1 "Unknown option $1";;
esac
};;
# process long option
( --?* ) { # --xarg[=foo]
suffix=${1#*=} # foo (unless there was no =)
if [ "${suffix}" = "$1" ]; then
suffix=
fi
opt=${1%=$suffix} # --xarg
optword=${opt#--} # xarg
case ",${longopts}," in
( *,${optword}::,* ) { # optional argument
argtype=optional
arg="${suffix}"
shift
};;
( *,${optword}:,* ) { # required argument
argtype=required
if [ -n "${suffix}" ]; then
arg="${suffix}"
shift
else
case "$2" in
( -* ) exiterr 1 \
"--${optword} requires an argument";;
( ?* ) arg="$2"; shift 2;;
( * ) exiterr 1 \
"--${optword} requires an argument";;
esac
fi
};;
( *,${optword},* ) { # no argument
if [ -n "${suffix}" ]; then
exiterr 1 "--${optword} does not take an argument"
fi
argtype=none
arg=
shift
};;
( * ) exiterr 1 "Unknown option $1";;
esac
};;
# any other parameters starting with -
( -* ) exiterr 1 "Unknown option $1";;
# remember non-option parameters
( * ) nonopt="${nonopt}$(save "$1")"; shift;;
esac
if [ -n "${opt}" ]; then
getopt="${getopt}$(save "$opt")"
case "${argtype}" in
( optional|required ) {
getopt="${getopt}$(save "$arg")"
};;
esac
fi
done
# Generate function output, suitable for:
# eval "set -- $(posix_getopt ...)"
printf %s "${getopt}"
if [ -n "${nonopt}" ]; then
printf %s "$(save "--")${nonopt}"
fi
}
使用示例:
# Process command line options
shortopts="hvd:c::s::L:D"
longopts="help,version,directory:,client::,server::,load:,delete"
#opts=$(getopt -o "$shortopts" -l "$longopts" -n "$(basename $0)" -- "$@")
opts=$(posix_getopt "$shortopts" "$longopts" "$@")
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
#eval set -- ${opts}
eval "set -- ${opts}"
while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
case "$1" in
( -- ) shift; break;;
( -h|--help ) help=1; shift; break;;
( -v|--version ) version_help=1; shift; break;;
( -d|--directory ) dir=$2; shift 2;;
( -c|--client ) useclient=1; client=$2; shift 2;;
( -s|--server ) startserver=1; server_name=$2; shift 2;;
( -L|--load ) load=$2; shift 2;;
( -D|--delete ) delete=1; shift;;
esac
done
else
shorthelp=1 # getopt returned (and reported) an error.
fi
