c++ 17解决方案(这将工作于std::string和std::wstring):

分配一个缓冲区，格式化它，然后复制到另一个字符串是不高效的。可以创建格式化字符串大小的std::string，并直接格式化到字符串缓冲区中:

#include <string>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <cwchar>
#include <cstdio>
#include <type_traits>

template<typename T, typename ... Args>
std::basic_string<T> string_format(T const* const format, Args ... args)
{
    int size_signed{ 0 };

    // 1) Determine size with error handling:    
    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, char>) { // C++17
        size_signed = std::snprintf(nullptr, 0, format, args ...);
    }
    else {
        size_signed = std::swprintf(nullptr, 0, format, args ...);
    }  
    if (size_signed <= 0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("error during formatting.");
    }
    const auto size = static_cast<size_t>(size_signed);

    // 2) Prepare formatted string:
    std::basic_string<T> formatted(size, T{});
    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, char>) { // C++17
        std::snprintf(formatted.data(), size + 1, format, args ...); // +1 for the '\0' (it will not be part of formatted).
    }
    else {
        std::swprintf(formatted.data(), size + 1, format, args ...); // +1 for the '\0' (it will not be part of formatted).
    }

    return formatted; // Named Return Value Optimization (NRVO), avoids an unnecessary copy. 
}

此外:通常，format参数是char[] / wchar_t[] &创建std::string对象效率不高。传递char*或wchar_t* &如果你已经有一个std::string对象，你仍然可以使用它作为your_string.c_str()。例子:

int main()
{
    int i{ 0 };

    // The format parameter is a char[] / wchar_t[]:

    const std::string title1 = string_format("story[%d].", ++i); // => "story[1]"

    const std::wstring title2 = string_format(L"story[%d].", ++i); // => L"story[2]"

    // If you already have a std::string object:

    const std::string format1{ "story[%d]." };
    const std::string title3 = string_format(format1.c_str(), ++i); // => "story[3]"

    const std::wstring format2{ L"story[%d]." };
    const std::wstring title4 = string_format(format2.c_str(), ++i); // => L"story[4]"  
}

我用vsnprintf写了我自己的，所以它返回字符串，而不是必须创建我自己的缓冲区。

#include <string>
#include <cstdarg>

//missing string printf
//this is safe and convenient but not exactly efficient
inline std::string format(const char* fmt, ...){
    int size = 512;
    char* buffer = 0;
    buffer = new char[size];
    va_list vl;
    va_start(vl, fmt);
    int nsize = vsnprintf(buffer, size, fmt, vl);
    if(size<=nsize){ //fail delete buffer and try again
        delete[] buffer;
        buffer = 0;
        buffer = new char[nsize+1]; //+1 for /0
        nsize = vsnprintf(buffer, size, fmt, vl);
    }
    std::string ret(buffer);
    va_end(vl);
    delete[] buffer;
    return ret;
}

所以你可以用它

std::string mystr = format("%s %d %10.5f", "omg", 1, 10.5);

String没有你需要的东西，但是std::stringstream有。使用stringstream创建字符串，然后提取字符串。这里有一个关于你可以做的事情的全面列表。例如:

cout.setprecision(10); //stringstream is a stream like cout

将在打印双精度或浮点数时提供10位小数点后的精度。

如果你只想要一个类似printf的语法(不需要自己调用printf)，可以看看Boost Format。

更新1:增加了fmt::格式测试

我对这里介绍的方法进行了自己的研究，得到了与这里提到的完全相反的结果。

我用了4个函数/ 4个方法:

可变变量函数+ vsnprintf + std::unique_ptr 可变变量函数+ vsnprintf + std::string 可变变量模板函数+ std::ostringstream + std::tuple +实用程序::for_each 来自Fmt库的Fmt::format函数

对于googletest使用的测试后端。

#include <string>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <memory>
#include <algorithm>

#include <fmt/format.h>

inline std::string string_format(size_t string_reserve, const std::string fmt_str, ...)
{
    size_t str_len = (std::max)(fmt_str.size(), string_reserve);

    // plain buffer is a bit faster here than std::string::reserve
    std::unique_ptr<char[]> formatted;

    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap, fmt_str);

    while (true) {
        formatted.reset(new char[str_len]);

        const int final_n = vsnprintf(&formatted[0], str_len, fmt_str.c_str(), ap);

        if (final_n < 0 || final_n >= int(str_len))
            str_len += (std::abs)(final_n - int(str_len) + 1);
        else
            break;
    }

    va_end(ap);

    return std::string(formatted.get());
}

inline std::string string_format2(size_t string_reserve, const std::string fmt_str, ...)
{
    size_t str_len = (std::max)(fmt_str.size(), string_reserve);
    std::string str;

    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap, fmt_str);

    while (true) {
        str.resize(str_len);

        const int final_n = vsnprintf(const_cast<char *>(str.data()), str_len, fmt_str.c_str(), ap);

        if (final_n < 0 || final_n >= int(str_len))
            str_len += (std::abs)(final_n - int(str_len) + 1);
        else {
            str.resize(final_n); // do not forget to shrink the size!
            break;
        }
    }

    va_end(ap);

    return str;
}

template <typename... Args>
inline std::string string_format3(size_t string_reserve, Args... args)
{
    std::ostringstream ss;
    if (string_reserve) {
        ss.rdbuf()->str().reserve(string_reserve);
    }
    std::tuple<Args...> t{ args... };
    utility::for_each(t, [&ss](auto & v)
    {
        ss << v;
    });
    return ss.str();
}

for_each实现从这里开始:遍历tuple

#include <type_traits>
#include <tuple>

namespace utility {

    template <std::size_t I = 0, typename FuncT, typename... Tp>
    inline typename std::enable_if<I == sizeof...(Tp), void>::type
        for_each(std::tuple<Tp...> &, const FuncT &)
    {
    }

    template<std::size_t I = 0, typename FuncT, typename... Tp>
    inline typename std::enable_if<I < sizeof...(Tp), void>::type
        for_each(std::tuple<Tp...> & t, const FuncT & f)
    {
        f(std::get<I>(t));
        for_each<I + 1, FuncT, Tp...>(t, f);
    }

}

测试:

TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_0)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        const std::string v = string_format(0, "%s+%u\n", "test test test", 12345);
        UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
    }
}

TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_256)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        const std::string v = string_format(256, "%s+%u\n", "test test test", 12345);
        UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
    }
}

TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_std_string_0)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        const std::string v = string_format2(0, "%s+%u\n", "test test test", 12345);
        UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
    }
}

TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_std_string_256)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        const std::string v = string_format2(256, "%s+%u\n", "test test test", 12345);
        UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
    }
}

TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_0)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        const std::string v = string_format3(0, "test test test", "+", 12345, "\n");
        UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
    }
}

TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_256)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        const std::string v = string_format3(256, "test test test", "+", 12345, "\n");
        UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
    }
}

TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_0)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        std::ostringstream ss;
        ss << "test test test" << "+" << 12345 << "\n";
        const std::string v = ss.str();
        UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
    }
}

TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_256)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        std::ostringstream ss;
        ss.rdbuf()->str().reserve(256);
        ss << "test test test" << "+" << 12345 << "\n";
        const std::string v = ss.str();
        UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
    }
}

TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_fmt_format_positional)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        const std::string v = fmt::format("{0:s}+{1:d}\n", "test test test", 12345);
        UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
    }
}

TEST(ExternalFuncs, test_fmt_format_named)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        const std::string v = fmt::format("{first:s}+{second:d}\n", fmt::arg("first", "test test test"), fmt::arg("second", 12345));
        UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(v);
    }
}

UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR。

unsued.hpp:

#define UTILITY_SUPPRESS_OPTIMIZATION_ON_VAR(var)   ::utility::unused_param(&var)

namespace utility {

    extern const volatile void * volatile g_unused_param_storage_ptr;

    extern void
#ifdef __GNUC__
    __attribute__((optimize("O0")))
#endif
        unused_param(const volatile void * p);

}

unused.cpp:

namespace utility {

    const volatile void * volatile g_unused_param_storage_ptr = nullptr;

    void
#ifdef __GNUC__
    __attribute__((optimize("O0")))
#endif
        unused_param(const volatile void * p)
    {
        g_unused_param_storage_ptr = p;
    }

}

结果:

[ RUN      ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_0
[       OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_0 (556 ms)
[ RUN      ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_256
[       OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_unique_ptr_256 (331 ms)
[ RUN      ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_std_string_0
[       OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_std_string_0 (457 ms)
[ RUN      ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_std_string_256
[       OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_std_string_256 (279 ms)
[ RUN      ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_0
[       OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_0 (1214 ms)
[ RUN      ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_256
[       OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_on_variadic_tuple_256 (1325 ms)
[ RUN      ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_0
[       OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_0 (1208 ms)
[ RUN      ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_256
[       OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_string_format_on_string_stream_inline_256 (1302 ms)
[ RUN      ] ExternalFuncs.test_fmt_format_positional
[       OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_fmt_format_positional (288 ms)
[ RUN      ] ExternalFuncs.test_fmt_format_named
[       OK ] ExternalFuncs.test_fmt_format_named (392 ms)

正如你所看到的，通过vsnprintf+std::string实现等于fmt::format，但比通过vsnprintf+std::unique_ptr更快，而vsnprintf+std::unique_ptr比通过std::ostringstream更快。

测试在Visual Studio 2015 Update 3中编译，运行于Windows 7 x64 / Intel酷睿i7-4820K CPU @ 3.70GHz / 16GB。

你可以试试这个:

string str;
str.resize( _MAX_PATH );

sprintf( &str[0], "%s %s", "hello", "world" );
// optionals
// sprintf_s( &str[0], str.length(), "%s %s", "hello", "world" ); // Microsoft
// #include <stdio.h>
// snprintf( &str[0], str.length(), "%s %s", "hello", "world" ); // c++11

str.resize( strlen( str.data() ) + 1 );