如何迭代由空格分隔的单词组成的字符串中的单词?

注意,我对C字符串函数或那种字符操作/访问不感兴趣。比起效率,我更喜欢优雅。我当前的解决方案:

#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    string s = "Somewhere down the road";
    istringstream iss(s);

    do {
        string subs;
        iss >> subs;
        cout << "Substring: " << subs << endl;
    } while (iss);
}

当前回答

根据Galik的回答,我做了这个。这大部分都在这里,所以我不必一遍又一遍地写。C++仍然没有原生拆分函数,这真是太疯狂了。特征:

应该很快。容易理解(我认为)。合并空节。使用多个分隔符(例如“\r\n”)很简单

#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string& s, const std::string& delims)
{
    using namespace std;

    vector<string> v;

    // Start of an element.
    size_t elemStart = 0;

    // We start searching from the end of the previous element, which
    // initially is the start of the string.
    size_t elemEnd = 0;

    // Find the first non-delim, i.e. the start of an element, after the end of the previous element.
    while((elemStart = s.find_first_not_of(delims, elemEnd)) != string::npos)
    {
        // Find the first delem, i.e. the end of the element (or if this fails it is the end of the string).
        elemEnd = s.find_first_of(delims, elemStart);
        // Add it.
        v.emplace_back(s, elemStart, elemEnd == string::npos ? string::npos : elemEnd - elemStart);
    }
    // When there are no more non-spaces, we are done.

    return v;
}

其他回答

是的,我看了所有30个例子。

我找不到一个适用于多字符分隔符的split版本,所以这里是我的:

#include <string>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

vector<string> split(const string &str, const string &delim)
{   
    const auto delim_pos = str.find(delim);

    if (delim_pos == string::npos)
        return {str};

    vector<string> ret{str.substr(0, delim_pos)};
    auto tail = split(str.substr(delim_pos + delim.size(), string::npos), delim);

    ret.insert(ret.end(), tail.begin(), tail.end());

    return ret;
}

可能不是最有效的实现,但它是一个非常简单的递归解决方案,只使用<string>和<vector>。

啊,它是用C++11编写的,但这段代码没有什么特别之处,因此您可以很容易地将其改编为C++98。

这是我使用C++11和STL的解决方案。它应该是合理有效的:

#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>

std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string& s)
{
    std::vector<std::string> v;

    const auto end = s.end();
    auto to = s.begin();
    decltype(to) from;

    while((from = std::find_if(to, end,
        [](char c){ return !std::isspace(c); })) != end)
    {
        to = std::find_if(from, end, [](char c){ return std::isspace(c); });
        v.emplace_back(from, to);
    }

    return v;
}

int main()
{
    std::string s = "this is the string  to  split";

    auto v = split(s);

    for(auto&& s: v)
        std::cout << s << '\n';
}

输出:

this
is
the
string
to
split

我有一种与其他解决方案非常不同的方法,它提供了很多其他解决方案所缺乏的价值,但当然也有其缺点。这是一个工作实现,示例是在单词周围放置<tag></tag>。

首先,这个问题可以通过一个循环解决,不需要额外的内存,只需考虑四种逻辑情况。从概念上讲,我们对边界感兴趣。我们的代码应该反映出这一点:让我们遍历字符串,一次查看两个字符,记住字符串的开头和结尾都有特殊情况。

缺点是我们必须编写实现,这有点冗长,但大多是方便的样板。

好处是我们编写了实现,因此很容易根据特定的需要定制它,例如区分左和写单词边界,使用任何一组分隔符,或处理其他情况,例如无边界或错误位置。

using namespace std;

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

#include <cctype>

typedef enum boundary_type_e {
    E_BOUNDARY_TYPE_ERROR = -1,
    E_BOUNDARY_TYPE_NONE,
    E_BOUNDARY_TYPE_LEFT,
    E_BOUNDARY_TYPE_RIGHT,
} boundary_type_t;

typedef struct boundary_s {
    boundary_type_t type;
    int pos;
} boundary_t;

bool is_delim_char(int c) {
    return isspace(c); // also compare against any other chars you want to use as delimiters
}

bool is_word_char(int c) {
    return ' ' <= c && c <= '~' && !is_delim_char(c);
}

boundary_t maybe_word_boundary(string str, int pos) {
    int len = str.length();
    if (pos < 0 || pos >= len) {
        return (boundary_t){.type = E_BOUNDARY_TYPE_ERROR};
    } else {
        if (pos == 0 && is_word_char(str[pos])) {
            // if the first character is word-y, we have a left boundary at the beginning
            return (boundary_t){.type = E_BOUNDARY_TYPE_LEFT, .pos = pos};
        } else if (pos == len - 1 && is_word_char(str[pos])) {
            // if the last character is word-y, we have a right boundary left of the null terminator
            return (boundary_t){.type = E_BOUNDARY_TYPE_RIGHT, .pos = pos + 1};
        } else if (!is_word_char(str[pos]) && is_word_char(str[pos + 1])) {
            // if we have a delimiter followed by a word char, we have a left boundary left of the word char
            return (boundary_t){.type = E_BOUNDARY_TYPE_LEFT, .pos = pos + 1};
        } else if (is_word_char(str[pos]) && !is_word_char(str[pos + 1])) {
            // if we have a word char followed by a delimiter, we have a right boundary right of the word char
            return (boundary_t){.type = E_BOUNDARY_TYPE_RIGHT, .pos = pos + 1};
        }
        return (boundary_t){.type = E_BOUNDARY_TYPE_NONE};
    }
}

int main() {
    string str;
    getline(cin, str);

    int len = str.length();
    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        boundary_t boundary = maybe_word_boundary(str, i);
        if (boundary.type == E_BOUNDARY_TYPE_LEFT) {
            // whatever
        } else if (boundary.type == E_BOUNDARY_TYPE_RIGHT) {
            // whatever
        }
    }
}

正如您所看到的,代码非常容易理解和微调,代码的实际使用非常简短和简单。使用C++不应阻止我们编写最简单、最容易定制的代码,即使这意味着不使用STL。我认为这是Linus Torvalds所说的“品味”的一个例子,因为我们已经消除了所有不需要的逻辑,而写作风格自然允许在需要处理的时候处理更多的案件。

可以改进此代码的可能是使用enum类,在maybe_word_boundary中接受指向is_word_char的函数指针,而不是直接调用is_word_char,并传递lambda。

LazyString拆分器:

#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <unordered_set>

using namespace std;

class LazyStringSplitter
{
    string::const_iterator start, finish;
    unordered_set<char> chop;

public:

    // Empty Constructor
    explicit LazyStringSplitter()
    {}

    explicit LazyStringSplitter (const string cstr, const string delims)
        : start(cstr.begin())
        , finish(cstr.end())
        , chop(delims.begin(), delims.end())
    {}

    void operator () (const string cstr, const string delims)
    {
        chop.insert(delims.begin(), delims.end());
        start = cstr.begin();
        finish = cstr.end();
    }

    bool empty() const { return (start >= finish); }

    string next()
    {
        // return empty string
        // if ran out of characters
        if (empty())
            return string("");

        auto runner = find_if(start, finish, [&](char c) {
            return chop.count(c) == 1;
        });

        // construct next string
        string ret(start, runner);
        start = runner + 1;

        // Never return empty string
        // + tail recursion makes this method efficient
        return !ret.empty() ? ret : next();
    }
};

我将此方法称为LazyStringSplitter是因为一个原因——它不会一次性拆分字符串。本质上,它的行为类似于python生成器它公开了一个名为next的方法,该方法返回从原始字符串拆分的下一个字符串我使用了c++11STL中的无序集,因此查找分隔符的速度要快得多下面是它的工作原理

测试程序

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    LazyStringSplitter splitter;

    // split at the characters ' ', '!', '.', ','
    splitter("This, is a string. And here is another string! Let's test and see how well this does.", " !.,");

    while (!splitter.empty())
        cout << splitter.next() << endl;
    return 0;
}

输出,输出

This
is
a
string
And
here
is
another
string
Let's
test
and
see
how
well
this
does

改进这一点的下一个计划是实施开始和结束方法,以便可以执行以下操作:

vector<string> split_string(splitter.begin(), splitter.end());
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main() {
  string str = "ABC AABCD CDDD RABC GHTTYU FR";
  str += " "; //dirty hack: adding extra space to the end
  vector<string> v;

  for (int i=0; i<(int)str.size(); i++) {
    int a, b;
    a = i;

    for (int j=i; j<(int)str.size(); j++) {
      if (str[j] == ' ') {
        b = j;
        i = j;
        break;
      }
    }
    v.push_back(str.substr(a, b-a));
  }

  for (int i=0; i<v.size(); i++) {
    cout<<v[i].size()<<" "<<v[i]<<endl;
  }
  return 0;
}