这个问题不是为了讨论单例设计模式是否可取、是否是一种反模式，或者是否用于任何宗教战争，而是为了讨论如何以最Python化的方式在Python中最好地实现这种模式。在这个例子中，我定义“最蟒蛇”是指它遵循“最少惊讶的原则”。

我有多个类将成为单类（我的用例是一个记录器，但这并不重要）。当我可以简单地继承或装饰时，我不希望在几个类中添加口香糖。

最佳方法：

---

方法1：装饰器

def singleton(class_):
    instances = {}
    def getinstance(*args, **kwargs):
        if class_ not in instances:
            instances[class_] = class_(*args, **kwargs)
        return instances[class_]
    return getinstance

@singleton
class MyClass(BaseClass):
    pass

Pros

装饰符的添加方式通常比多重继承更直观。

Cons

虽然使用MyClass（）创建的对象将是真正的单例对象，但MyClass本身是一个函数，而不是类，因此不能从中调用类方法x=MyClass（）；y=MyClass（）；t=类型（n）（）；

则x==y但x！=t&y！=吨

---

方法2：基类

class Singleton(object):
    _instance = None
    def __new__(class_, *args, **kwargs):
        if not isinstance(class_._instance, class_):
            class_._instance = object.__new__(class_, *args, **kwargs)
        return class_._instance

class MyClass(Singleton, BaseClass):
    pass

Pros

这是一门真正的课

Cons

多重继承-嗯__new__是否可以在从第二个基类继承期间被覆盖？一个人必须想得比必要的多。

---

方法3：元类

class Singleton(type):
    _instances = {}
    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls not in cls._instances:
            cls._instances[cls] = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instances[cls]

#Python2
class MyClass(BaseClass):
    __metaclass__ = Singleton

#Python3
class MyClass(BaseClass, metaclass=Singleton):
    pass

Pros

这是一门真正的课自动神奇地覆盖继承为正确的目的使用__metaclass__（并让我意识到）

Cons

有吗？

---

方法4：decorator返回同名类

def singleton(class_):
    class class_w(class_):
        _instance = None
        def __new__(class_, *args, **kwargs):
            if class_w._instance is None:
                class_w._instance = super(class_w,
                                    class_).__new__(class_,
                                                    *args,
                                                    **kwargs)
                class_w._instance._sealed = False
            return class_w._instance
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            if self._sealed:
                return
            super(class_w, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
            self._sealed = True
    class_w.__name__ = class_.__name__
    return class_w

@singleton
class MyClass(BaseClass):
    pass

Pros

这是一门真正的课自动神奇地覆盖继承

Cons

创建每个新类是否没有开销？在这里，我们为每个希望成为单例的类创建两个类。虽然这对我来说很好，但我担心这可能无法扩展。当然，对于这种模式的规模是否太容易，还有争议。。。_seled属性的意义是什么无法使用super（）在基类上调用同名方法，因为它们将递归。这意味着您不能自定义__new__，也不能对需要调用__init__的类进行子类化。

---

方法5：模块

模块文件singleton.py

Pros

简单胜于复杂

Cons

未延迟实例化

import builtins

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# So..... you would expect that a class would be "global" in scope, however
#   when different modules use this,
#   EACH ONE effectively has its own class namespace.  
#   In order to get around this, we use a metaclass to intercept
#   "new" and provide the "truly global metaclass instance" if it already exists

class MetaConfig(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, dct):
        try:
            class_inst = builtins.CONFIG_singleton

        except AttributeError:
            class_inst = super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dct)
            builtins.CONFIG_singleton = class_inst
            class_inst.do_load()

        return class_inst

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

class Config(metaclass=MetaConfig):

    config_attr = None

    @classmethod
    def do_load(cls):
        ...<load-cfg-from-file>...

def singleton(cls):
    instance=cls()
    cls.__new__ = cls.__call__= lambda cls: instance
    cls.__init__ = lambda self: None
    return instance

@singleton
class MySingleton:
    #....

class SingletonClass:
    _instance = None

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        # If no instance of class already exits
        if cls._instance is None:
            cls._instance = object.__new__(cls)
            cls._instance._initialized = False
        return cls._instance
        
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if self._initialized:
            return

        self.attr1 = args[0]
        # set the attribute to `True` to not initialize again
        self._initialized = True

from functools import cache

@cache
class xxx:
   ....

singleton = lambda c: c()

@singleton
class wat(object):
    def __init__(self): self.x = 1
    def get_x(self): return self.x

assert wat.get_x() == 1