If the iterations are atomic and orders of magnitude more expensive than pushing a new stack frame and creating a new thread and you have multiple cores and your runtime environment can use all of them, then a recursive approach could yield a huge performance boost when combined with multithreading. If the average number of iterations is not predictable then it might be a good idea to use a thread pool which will control thread allocation and prevent your process from creating too many threads and hogging the system.

例如，在某些语言中，存在递归多线程归并排序实现。

但同样，多线程可以与循环而不是递归一起使用，因此这种组合的工作效果取决于更多因素，包括操作系统及其线程分配机制。

Your performance deteriorates when using recursion because calling a method, in any language, implies a lot of preparation: the calling code posts a return address, call parameters, some other context information such as processor registers might be saved somewhere, and at return time the called method posts a return value which is then retrieved by the caller, and any context information that was previously saved will be restored. the performance diff between an iterative and a recursive approach lies in the time these operations take.

从实现的角度来看，当处理调用上下文所需的时间与执行方法所需的时间相当时，您才真正开始注意到差异。如果递归方法的执行时间比调用上下文管理部分要长，那么就采用递归方法，因为代码通常更易于阅读和理解，而且不会注意到性能损失。否则，出于效率考虑，可以进行迭代。

In C++ if the recursive function is a templated one, then the compiler has more chance to optimize it, as all the type deduction and function instantiations will occur in compile time. Modern compilers can also inline the function if possible. So if one uses optimization flags like -O3 or -O2 in g++, then recursions may have the chance to be faster than iterations. In iterative codes, the compiler gets less chance to optimize it, as it is already in the more or less optimal state (if written well enough).

在我的例子中，我试图通过使用Armadillo矩阵对象，以递归和迭代的方式来实现矩阵求幂。算法可以在这里找到…https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring。 我的函数是模板化的，我已经计算了1,000,000个12x12矩阵的10次方。我得到了以下结果:

iterative + optimisation flag -O3 -> 2.79.. sec
recursive + optimisation flag -O3 -> 1.32.. sec

iterative + No-optimisation flag  -> 2.83.. sec
recursive + No-optimisation flag  -> 4.15.. sec

这些结果是使用gcc-4.8与c++11标志(-std=c++11)和Armadillo 6.1与Intel mkl获得的。英特尔编译器也显示了类似的结果。

据我所知，Perl没有优化尾递归调用，但是您可以伪造它。

sub f{
  my($l,$r) = @_;

  if( $l >= $r ){
    return $l;
  } else {

    # return f( $l+1, $r );

    @_ = ( $l+1, $r );
    goto &f;

  }
}

第一次调用时，它将在堆栈上分配空间。然后它将改变它的参数，并重新启动子例程，而不向堆栈添加任何东西。因此，它会假装从未调用过自己，将其转变为一个迭代过程。

注意，没有“my @_;”或“local @_;”，如果你这样做，它将不再工作。

循环可以提高程序的性能。递归可以为程序员带来性能上的提升。在你的情况下，选择哪个更重要!

你必须记住，使用太深的递归，你会遇到堆栈溢出，这取决于允许的堆栈大小。为了防止这种情况，请确保提供一些基本情况，以结束递归。