One time when an FK might cause you a problem is when you have historical data that references the key (in a lookup table) even though you no longer want the key available. Obviously the solution is to design things better up front, but I am thinking of real world situations here where you don't always have control of the full solution. For example: perhaps you have a look up table customer_type that lists different types of customers - lets say you need to remove a certain customer type, but (due to business restraints) aren't able to update the client software, and nobody invisaged this situation when developing the software, the fact that it is a foreign key in some other table may prevent you from removing the row even though you know the historical data that references it is irrelevant. After being burnt with this a few times you probably lean away from db enforcement of relationships. (I'm not saying this is good - just giving a reason why you may decide to avoid FKs and db contraints in general)

From my experience its always better to avoid using FKs in Database Critical Applications. I would not disagree with guys here who say FKs is a good practice but its not practical where the database is huge and has huge CRUD operations/sec. I can share without naming ... one of the biggest investment bank of doesn't have a single FK in databases. These constrains are handled by programmers while creating applications involving DB. The basic reason is when ever a new CRUD is done it has to effect multiple tables and verify for each inserts/updates, though this won't be a big issue for queries affecting single rows but it does create a huge latency when you deal with batch processing which any big bank has to do as daily tasks.

最好避免fk，但它的风险必须由程序员来处理。

我也听过这种说法——有些人忘记在外键上放索引，然后抱怨某些操作很慢(因为约束检查可以利用任何索引)。所以总结一下:没有好的理由不使用外键。所有现代数据库都支持级联删除，所以…

我还认为外键在大多数数据库中是必要的。唯一的缺点(除了强制一致性带来的性能损失之外)是使用外键允许人们编写假定存在功能外键的代码。这绝不应该被允许。

例如，我看到有人编写了一些代码，将插入插入引用表中，然后尝试将插入插入引用表中，而不验证第一次插入是否成功。如果稍后删除外键，则会导致数据库不一致。

您也不能在更新或删除时假设特定的行为。无论是否存在外键，您仍然需要编写代码来执行您想要的操作。如果您假设删除是级联的，但实际上它们不是级联的，那么您的删除将失败。如果您假定对引用列的更新被传播到引用行，但实际上没有，那么您的更新将失败。出于编写代码的目的，最好不要使用这些特性。

如果打开了这些特性，那么您的代码无论如何都会模仿它们，并且会损失一些性能。

所以，总结....如果需要一致的数据库，外键是必不可少的。在您编写的代码中，永远不应假定外键存在或起作用。

使用外键的其他原因: —可以更好地重用数据库

不使用外键的其他原因: —您试图通过减少重用来锁定客户。

有一个很好的理由不使用它们:如果你不了解它们的作用或如何使用它们。

在错误的情况下，外键约束可能导致事故的瀑布式复制。如果有人删除了错误的记录，恢复它可能会成为一项艰巨的任务。

同样，相反，当您需要删除某些内容时，如果设计不当，约束可能会导致各种锁阻止您的操作。