感叹号在Swift语言中是什么意思?

Swift编程语言指南中有如下示例:

class Person {
    let name: String
    init(name: String) { self.name = name }
    var apartment: Apartment?
    deinit { println("\(name) is being deinitialized") }
}

class Apartment {
    let number: Int
    init(number: Int) { self.number = number }
    var tenant: Person?
    deinit { println("Apartment #\(number) is being deinitialized") }
}

var john: Person?
var number73: Apartment?

john = Person(name: "John Appleseed")
number73 = Apartment(number: 73)

//From Apple's “The Swift Programming Language” guide (https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/AutomaticReferenceCounting.html)

然后，在给这个人分配公寓时，他们使用感叹号来“打开实例”:

john!.apartment = number73

“展开实例”是什么意思?为什么有必要?它与仅仅做以下事情有什么不同:

john.apartment = number73

我对Swift语言很不熟悉。我只是想把基本的东西记下来。

更新: 我遗漏了一个很大的谜团(答案中没有直接说明——至少在写这篇文章的时候没有)，那就是当你做以下事情的时候:

var john: Person?

这并不意味着“约翰是人的类型，它可能是nil”，因为我最初的想法。我只是误解了《人与人》是完全不同的类型。一旦我明白了，所有其他的?，!疯狂，以及下面这些精彩的回答，让我觉得更有道理。

当前回答

在这种情况下……

John:人!

它意味着，最初John的值为nil，它会被设置，一旦设置，就不会再以nil为先导。因此，为了方便起见，我可以使用更简单的语法来访问可选变量因为这是一个隐式展开的可选变量

2014-07-24 21:50:01

其他回答

如果您将它用作可选选项，它将打开可选选项并查看其中是否有内容。如果你在If -else语句中使用它，它是NOT的代码。例如,

if (myNumber != 3){
 // if myNumber is NOT 3 do whatever is inside these brackets.
)

2017-08-14 03:13:12

The entire story begins with a feature of swift called optional vars. These are the vars which may have a value or may not have a value. In general swift doesn't allow us to use a variable which isn't initialised, as this may lead to crashes or unexpected reasons and also server a placeholder for backdoors. Thus in order to declare a variable whose value isn't initially determined we use a '?'. When such a variable is declared, to use it as a part of some expression one has to unwrap them before use, unwrapping is an operation through which value of a variable is discovered this applies to objects. Without unwrapping if you try to use them you will have compile time error. To unwrap a variable which is an optional var, exclamation mark "!" is used.

有时候你知道这样的可选变量会被系统或者你自己的程序赋值，但是稍后，比如UI outlet，在这种情况下，我们不会用问号"?"来声明可选变量，而是用"!"

因此，系统知道这个用“!”声明的变量现在是可选的，没有值，但将在其生命周期的后期接收一个值。