String类和包装器类的equals()和hashCode()方法实现与Object类不同。Object类的equals()方法比较对象的引用，而不是内容。Object类的hashCode()方法为每个对象返回不同的hashCode，无论内容是否相同。

It leads problem when you use Map collection and the key is of Persistent type, StringBuffer/builder type. Since they don't override equals() and hashCode() unlike String class, equals() will return false when you compare two different objects even though both have same contents. It will make the hashMap storing same content keys. Storing same content keys means it is violating the rule of Map because Map doesnt allow duplicate keys at all. Therefore you override equals() as well as hashCode() methods in your class and provide the implementation(IDE can generate these methods) so that they work same as String's equals() and hashCode() and prevent same content keys.

你必须重写hashCode()方法和equals()，因为equals()根据hashCode工作。

此外，与equals()一起重写hashCode()方法有助于完好无损equals()-hashCode()契约:“如果两个对象相等，那么它们必须具有相同的哈希码。”

什么时候需要为hashCode()编写自定义实现?

正如我们所知，HashMap的内部工作是基于哈希原理的。条目集存储在特定的存储桶中。您可以根据自己的需求定制hashCode()实现，以便相同的类别对象可以存储在相同的索引中。 当你使用put(k,v)方法将值存储到Map集合中时，put()的内部实现是:

put(k, v){
hash(k);
index=hash & (n-1);
}

意思是，它生成索引，索引是基于特定键对象的hashcode生成的。所以让这个方法根据你的需求生成哈希码，因为相同的哈希码条目集将存储在相同的桶或索引中。

就是这样!

Bah -“你必须在每个重写equals()的类中重写hashCode()。”

[出自Joshua Bloch的《Effective Java》?］

Isn't this the wrong way round? Overriding hashCode likely implies you're writing a hash-key class, but overriding equals certainly does not. There are many classes that are not used as hash-keys, but do want a logical-equality-testing method for some other reason. If you choose "equals" for it, you may then be mandated to write a hashCode implementation by overzealous application of this rule. All that achieves is adding untested code in the codebase, an evil waiting to trip someone up in the future. Also writing code you don't need is anti-agile. It's just wrong (and an ide generated one will probably be incompatible with your hand-crafted equals).

他们肯定应该在被写来用作键的对象上强制设置一个接口吗?无论如何，Object永远不应该提供默认的hashCode()和equals() imho。它可能鼓励了许多破碎的散列集合。

但无论如何，我认为“规则”是前后颠倒的。与此同时，我将继续避免使用“等号”进行相等性测试方法:-(

你必须重写hashCode()在每个 重写equals()的类。失败 这样做会导致违反 总合同 Object.hashCode()，它将防止 你的类不能正常运行 结合所有基于哈希的 集合，包括HashMap， HashSet和Hashtable。 摘自Joshua Bloch的《Effective Java》

通过一致地定义equals()和hashCode()，可以提高类作为基于散列的集合中的键的可用性。正如hashCode的API文档所解释的那样:“支持此方法是为了受益于诸如java.util.Hashtable所提供的哈希表。”

关于如何有效地实现这些方法的问题，最好的答案是建议你阅读《Effective Java》的第3章。

恕我冒昧，这是根据规则说的-如果两个对象相等，那么它们应该具有相同的哈希值，即相等的对象应该产生相同的哈希值。

如上所述，Object is ==中的默认equals()对地址进行比较，hashCode()返回整数形式的地址(对实际地址进行哈希)，这对于不同的Object来说也是不同的。

如果你需要在基于哈希的集合中使用自定义对象，你需要覆盖equals()和hashCode()，例如如果我想维护员工对象的HashSet，如果我不使用更强的hashCode和equals，我可能最终会覆盖两个不同的员工对象，这发生在我使用年龄作为hashCode()时，但是我应该使用唯一的值，可以是员工ID。

HashMap和HashSet等集合使用对象的hashcode值来确定该对象应该如何存储在集合中，然后再次使用hashcode来定位该对象 在它的收藏中。

哈希检索是一个两步过程:

找到正确的桶(使用hashCode()) 在桶中搜索正确的元素(使用equals())

下面是一个关于为什么我们应该重写equals()和hashcode()的小例子。

考虑一个Employee类，它有两个字段:年龄和名字。

public class Employee {

    String name;
    int age;

    public Employee(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (obj == this)
            return true;
        if (!(obj instanceof Employee))
            return false;
        Employee employee = (Employee) obj;
        return employee.getAge() == this.getAge()
                && employee.getName() == this.getName();
    }

    // commented    
    /*  @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            int result=17;
            result=31*result+age;
            result=31*result+(name!=null ? name.hashCode():0);
            return result;
        }
     */
}

现在创建一个类，将Employee对象插入到HashSet中并测试该对象是否存在。

public class ClientTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Employee employee = new Employee("rajeev", 24);
        Employee employee1 = new Employee("rajeev", 25);
        Employee employee2 = new Employee("rajeev", 24);

        HashSet<Employee> employees = new HashSet<Employee>();
        employees.add(employee);
        System.out.println(employees.contains(employee2));
        System.out.println("employee.hashCode():  " + employee.hashCode()
        + "  employee2.hashCode():" + employee2.hashCode());
    }
}

它将打印以下内容:

false
employee.hashCode():  321755204  employee2.hashCode():375890482

现在uncomment hashcode()方法，执行相同的方法，输出将是:

true
employee.hashCode():  -938387308  employee2.hashCode():-938387308

Now can you see why if two objects are considered equal, their hashcodes must also be equal? Otherwise, you'd never be able to find the object since the default hashcode method in class Object virtually always comes up with a unique number for each object, even if the equals() method is overridden in such a way that two or more objects are considered equal. It doesn't matter how equal the objects are if their hashcodes don't reflect that. So one more time: If two objects are equal, their hashcodes must be equal as well.

为了帮助你检查重复的对象，我们需要一个自定义的等号和hashCode。

Since hashcode always returns a number its always fast to retrieve an object using a number rather than an alphabetic key. How will it do? Assume we created a new object by passing some value which is already available in some other object. Now the new object will return the same hash value as of another object because the value passed is same. Once the same hash value is returned, JVM will go to the same memory address every time and if in case there are more than one objects present for the same hash value it will use equals() method to identify the correct object.