有用的差异:

Use notify() if all your waiting threads are interchangeable (the order they wake up doesn't matter), or if you only ever have one waiting thread. A common example is a thread pool used to execute jobs from a queue--when a job is added, one of threads is notified to wake up, execute the next job and go back to sleep. Use notifyAll() for other cases where the waiting threads may have different purposes and should be able to run concurrently. An example is a maintenance operation on a shared resource, where multiple threads are waiting for the operation to complete before accessing the resource.

显然，notify唤醒等待集中的一个线程(any)， notifyAll唤醒等待集中的所有线程。下面的讨论应能消除任何疑问。大多数时候应该使用notifyAll。如果您不确定使用哪个，那么使用notifyAll。请看下面的解释。

仔细阅读并理解。如果您有任何问题，请发邮件给我。

查看生产者/消费者(假设是一个具有两个方法的ProducerConsumer类)。IT IS BROKEN(因为它使用notify) -是的，它可能工作-甚至大多数时候，但它也可能导致死锁-我们将看到为什么:

public synchronized void put(Object o) {
    while (buf.size()==MAX_SIZE) {
        wait(); // called if the buffer is full (try/catch removed for brevity)
    }
    buf.add(o);
    notify(); // called in case there are any getters or putters waiting
}

public synchronized Object get() {
    // Y: this is where C2 tries to acquire the lock (i.e. at the beginning of the method)
    while (buf.size()==0) {
        wait(); // called if the buffer is empty (try/catch removed for brevity)
        // X: this is where C1 tries to re-acquire the lock (see below)
    }
    Object o = buf.remove(0);
    notify(); // called if there are any getters or putters waiting
    return o;
}

首先,

为什么我们需要一个while循环围绕等待?

我们需要一个while循环，以防出现这种情况:

消费者1 (C1)进入同步块，缓冲区是空的，因此C1被放入等待集(通过等待调用)。消费者2 (C2)即将进入同步方法(在上面的Y点)，但生产者P1在缓冲区中放入一个对象，然后调用notify。唯一等待的线程是C1，因此它被唤醒，现在试图重新获得点X(上面)的对象锁。

Now C1 and C2 are attempting to acquire the synchronization lock. One of them (nondeterministically) is chosen and enters the method, the other is blocked (not waiting - but blocked, trying to acquire the lock on the method). Let's say C2 gets the lock first. C1 is still blocking (trying to acquire the lock at X). C2 completes the method and releases the lock. Now, C1 acquires the lock. Guess what, lucky we have a while loop, because, C1 performs the loop check (guard) and is prevented from removing a non-existent element from the buffer (C2 already got it!). If we didn't have a while, we would get an IndexArrayOutOfBoundsException as C1 tries to remove the first element from the buffer!

NOW,

为什么我们需要notifyAll?

在上面的生产者/消费者示例中，我们似乎可以使用notify。看起来是这样的，因为我们可以证明生产者和消费者的等待循环上的守卫是互斥的。也就是说，看起来我们不能让一个线程同时在put方法和get方法中等待，因为，为了使它为真，那么下面的条件必须为真:

buf.size() == 0 AND buf.size() == MAX_SIZE(假设MAX_SIZE不为0)

然而，这还不够好，我们需要使用notifyAll。让我们看看为什么……

Assume we have a buffer of size 1 (to make the example easy to follow). The following steps lead us to deadlock. Note that ANYTIME a thread is woken with notify, it can be non-deterministically selected by the JVM - that is any waiting thread can be woken. Also note that when multiple threads are blocking on entry to a method (i.e. trying to acquire a lock), the order of acquisition can be non-deterministic. Remember also that a thread can only be in one of the methods at any one time - the synchronized methods allow only one thread to be executing (i.e. holding the lock of) any (synchronized) methods in the class. If the following sequence of events occurs - deadlock results:

步骤1: - P1将1个字符放入缓冲区

步骤2: P2尝试put -检查等待循环-已经是一个字符-等待

步骤3: P3尝试put -检查等待循环-已经是一个字符-等待

步骤4: - C1尝试获取1个char C2尝试在进入get方法时获取1个字符块 C3尝试在进入get方法时获取1个字符块

步骤5: C1正在执行get方法——获取char，调用notify，退出方法 —notify唤醒P2 但是，C2在P2之前进入方法(P2必须重新获得锁)，所以P2在进入put方法时阻塞 C2检查等待循环，缓冲区中没有更多字符，所以等待 C3在C2之后进入方法，但在P2之前，检查等待循环，缓冲区中没有更多字符，所以等待

步骤6: -现在:有P3, C2，和C3等待! -最后P2获取锁，在缓冲区中放入一个字符，调用notify，退出方法

第七步: P2的通知会唤醒P3(记住任何线程都可以被唤醒) P3检查等待循环条件，缓冲区中已经有一个字符，所以等待。 没有更多线程调用通知和三个线程永久挂起!

解决方案:在生产者/消费者代码(上面)中用notifyAll替换notify。

在这里，所有的醒来都没有多大意义。 Wait notify和notifyall，所有这些都放在拥有对象的监视器之后。如果一个线程处于等待阶段，并且调用了notify，那么这个线程将占用该锁，此时没有其他线程可以占用该锁。所以并发访问根本不能发生。据我所知，只有在锁定对象后才能调用wait notify和notifyall。如果我错了，请指正。

这个答案是xagyg的优秀答案的图形重写和简化，包括eran的评论。

为什么要使用notifyAll，即使每个产品都是针对单个消费者的?

考虑生产者和消费者，简化如下。

制作人:

while (!empty) {
   wait() // on full
}
put()
notify()

消费者:

while (empty) {
   wait() // on empty
}
take()
notify()

假设2个生产者和2个消费者共享一个大小为1的缓冲区。下图描述了一个导致死锁的场景，如果所有线程都使用notifyAll，就可以避免死锁。

每个通知都被标记为被唤醒的线程。

notify()让您编写比notifyAll()更有效的代码。

考虑下面这段从多个并行线程执行的代码:

synchronized(this) {
    while(busy) // a loop is necessary here
        wait();
    busy = true;
}
...
synchronized(this) {
    busy = false;
    notifyAll();
}

可以通过使用notify()来提高效率:

synchronized(this) {
    if(busy)   // replaced the loop with a condition which is evaluated only once
        wait();
    busy = true;
}
...
synchronized(this) {
    busy = false;
    notify();
}

在有大量线程的情况下，或者如果等待循环条件的计算成本很高，notify()将比notifyAll()快得多。例如，如果你有1000个线程，那么999个线程将在第一个notifyAll()之后被唤醒和评估，然后是998，然后是997，依此类推。相反，使用notify()解决方案，只会唤醒一个线程。

使用notifyAll()当你需要选择哪个线程将做下一步工作:

synchronized(this) {
    while(idx != last+1)  // wait until it's my turn
        wait();
}
...
synchronized(this) {
    last = idx;
    notifyAll();
}

Finally, it's important to understand that in case of notifyAll(), the code inside synchronized blocks that have been awakened will be executed sequentially, not all at once. Let's say there are three threads waiting in the above example, and the fourth thread calls notifyAll(). All three threads will be awakened but only one will start execution and check the condition of the while loop. If the condition is true, it will call wait() again, and only then the second thread will start executing and will check its while loop condition, and so on.

这里有一个简单的解释:

您是正确的，无论使用notify()还是notifyAll()，直接结果都是恰好有另一个线程获得监视器并开始执行。(假设一些线程实际上在wait()上阻塞了这个对象，其他不相关的线程并没有占用所有可用的内核，等等。)

假设线程A、B和C正在等待这个对象，线程A得到监视器。区别在于当A释放监视器时发生了什么。如果你使用notify()，那么B和C仍然被阻塞在wait()中:它们不是在监视器上等待，而是在等待通知。当A释放监视器时，B和C仍然在那里等待notify()。

如果使用notifyAll()，则B和C都已进入“等待通知”状态，都在等待获取监视器。当A释放监视器时，B或C将获得它(假设没有其他线程竞争该监视器)并开始执行。