如果一个人在谷歌上搜索“notify()和notifyAll()之间的区别”,那么会跳出很多解释(撇开javadoc段落)。这都归结于被唤醒的等待线程的数量:notify()中有一个,notifyAll()中有所有线程。
然而(如果我确实理解了这些方法之间的区别),只有一个线程总是被选择用于进一步的监视采集;第一种情况是VM选择的线程,第二种情况是系统线程调度程序选择的线程。程序员不知道它们的确切选择过程(在一般情况下)。
那么notify()和notifyAll()之间有什么有用的区别呢?我遗漏了什么吗?
notify()让您编写比notifyAll()更有效的代码。
考虑下面这段从多个并行线程执行的代码:
synchronized(this) {
while(busy) // a loop is necessary here
wait();
busy = true;
}
...
synchronized(this) {
busy = false;
notifyAll();
}
可以通过使用notify()来提高效率:
synchronized(this) {
if(busy) // replaced the loop with a condition which is evaluated only once
wait();
busy = true;
}
...
synchronized(this) {
busy = false;
notify();
}
在有大量线程的情况下,或者如果等待循环条件的计算成本很高,notify()将比notifyAll()快得多。例如,如果你有1000个线程,那么999个线程将在第一个notifyAll()之后被唤醒和评估,然后是998,然后是997,依此类推。相反,使用notify()解决方案,只会唤醒一个线程。
使用notifyAll()当你需要选择哪个线程将做下一步工作:
synchronized(this) {
while(idx != last+1) // wait until it's my turn
wait();
}
...
synchronized(this) {
last = idx;
notifyAll();
}
Finally, it's important to understand that in case of notifyAll(), the code inside synchronized blocks that have been awakened will be executed sequentially, not all at once. Let's say there are three threads waiting in the above example, and the fourth thread calls notifyAll(). All three threads will be awakened but only one will start execution and check the condition of the while loop. If the condition is true, it will call wait() again, and only then the second thread will start executing and will check its while loop condition, and so on.
这里有一个例子。运行它。然后将notifyAll()中的一个更改为notify(),看看会发生什么。
ProducerConsumerExample类
public class ProducerConsumerExample {
private static boolean Even = true;
private static boolean Odd = false;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Dropbox dropbox = new Dropbox();
(new Thread(new Consumer(Even, dropbox))).start();
(new Thread(new Consumer(Odd, dropbox))).start();
(new Thread(new Producer(dropbox))).start();
}
}
Dropbox类
public class Dropbox {
private int number;
private boolean empty = true;
private boolean evenNumber = false;
public synchronized int take(final boolean even) {
while (empty || evenNumber != even) {
try {
System.out.format("%s is waiting ... %n", even ? "Even" : "Odd");
wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) { }
}
System.out.format("%s took %d.%n", even ? "Even" : "Odd", number);
empty = true;
notifyAll();
return number;
}
public synchronized void put(int number) {
while (!empty) {
try {
System.out.println("Producer is waiting ...");
wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) { }
}
this.number = number;
evenNumber = number % 2 == 0;
System.out.format("Producer put %d.%n", number);
empty = false;
notifyAll();
}
}
消费阶层
import java.util.Random;
public class Consumer implements Runnable {
private final Dropbox dropbox;
private final boolean even;
public Consumer(boolean even, Dropbox dropbox) {
this.even = even;
this.dropbox = dropbox;
}
public void run() {
Random random = new Random();
while (true) {
dropbox.take(even);
try {
Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(100));
} catch (InterruptedException e) { }
}
}
}
生产类
import java.util.Random;
public class Producer implements Runnable {
private Dropbox dropbox;
public Producer(Dropbox dropbox) {
this.dropbox = dropbox;
}
public void run() {
Random random = new Random();
while (true) {
int number = random.nextInt(10);
try {
Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(100));
dropbox.put(number);
} catch (InterruptedException e) { }
}
}
}
总结一下上面的详细解释,用我能想到的最简单的方式,这是由于JVM内置监控器的限制,1)在整个同步单元(块或对象)上获得,2)不区分正在等待/通知/关于的特定条件。
这意味着如果多个线程正在等待不同的条件,并且使用了notify(),所选择的线程可能不是在新满足的条件上取得进展的线程——导致该线程(以及其他当前仍在等待的能够满足条件的线程等)不能取得进展,最终饥饿或程序挂起。
相反,notifyAll()允许所有等待的线程最终重新获得锁并检查各自的条件,从而最终允许执行进程。
因此,notify()只有在任何等待线程被选中时保证允许进程,才可以安全地使用,当同一监视器中的所有线程只检查一个相同的条件时,通常可以满足这一点——在实际应用程序中相当罕见的情况。