哪个更快:堆栈分配还是堆分配

这个问题可能听起来相当简单，但这是我与另一位开发人员的争论。

我小心地在我可以的地方进行堆栈分配，而不是堆分配。他和我说话，看着我的肩膀，并评论说，这是没有必要的，因为他们的表现是一样的。

在我的印象中，增加堆栈是一个常数时间，而堆分配的性能取决于当前堆的复杂性，包括分配(找到合适大小的孔)和反分配(缩小孔以减少碎片，如果我没有弄错的话，许多标准库实现在删除过程中需要时间来做这件事)。

在我看来，这可能非常依赖于编译器。在这个项目中，我特别使用了一个用于PPC架构的Metrowerks编译器。对这种组合的深入了解将是最有帮助的，但一般来说，对于GCC和msvc++，情况如何?堆分配不如堆栈分配高效吗?没有区别吗?还是差异如此之小以至于变成了毫无意义的微观优化。

当前回答

class Foo {
public:
    Foo(int a) {

    }
}
int func() {
    int a1, a2;
    std::cin >> a1;
    std::cin >> a2;

    Foo f1(a1);
    __asm push a1;
    __asm lea ecx, [this];
    __asm call Foo::Foo(int);

    Foo* f2 = new Foo(a2);
    __asm push sizeof(Foo);
    __asm call operator new;//there's a lot instruction here(depends on system)
    __asm push a2;
    __asm call Foo::Foo(int);

    delete f2;
}

It would be like this in asm. When you're in func, the f1 and pointer f2 has been allocated on stack (automated storage). And by the way, Foo f1(a1) has no instruction effects on stack pointer (esp),It has been allocated, if func wants get the member f1, it's instruction is something like this: lea ecx [ebp+f1], call Foo::SomeFunc(). Another thing the stack allocate may make someone think the memory is something like FIFO, the FIFO just happened when you go into some function, if you are in the function and allocate something like int i = 0, there no push happened.

2015-05-05 02:42:03

其他回答

自然，堆栈分配更快。使用堆分配，分配器必须在某处找到空闲内存。使用堆栈分配，编译器只需要给你的函数一个更大的堆栈框架就可以完成，这意味着分配完全不需要花费时间。(我假设您没有使用alloca或任何东西来动态分配堆栈空间，但即使这样，它也非常快。)

但是，您必须警惕隐藏的动态分配。例如:

void some_func()
{
    std::vector<int> my_vector(0x1000);
    // Do stuff with the vector...
}

您可能认为这会在堆栈上分配4 KiB，但您错了。它在堆栈上分配vector实例，但该vector实例又在堆上分配它的4 KiB，因为vector总是在堆上分配它的内部数组(至少除非您指定了一个自定义分配器，这里我不会深入讨论)。如果您希望使用类似stl的容器在堆栈上进行分配，则可能需要std::array或boost::static_vector(由外部boost库提供)。

2022-12-06 20:51:26

Remark that the considerations are typically not about speed and performance when choosing stack versus heap allocation. The stack acts like a stack, which means it is well suited for pushing blocks and popping them again, last in, first out. Execution of procedures is also stack-like, last procedure entered is first to be exited. In most programming languages, all the variables needed in a procedure will only be visible during the procedure's execution, thus they are pushed upon entering a procedure and popped off the stack upon exit or return.

现在来看一个不能使用堆栈的例子:

Proc P
{
  pointer x;
  Proc S
  {
    pointer y;
    y = allocate_some_data();
    x = y;
  }
}

If you allocate some memory in procedure S and put it on the stack and then exit S, the allocated data will be popped off the stack. But the variable x in P also pointed to that data, so x is now pointing to some place underneath the stack pointer (assume stack grows downwards) with an unknown content. The content might still be there if the stack pointer is just moved up without clearing the data beneath it, but if you start allocating new data on the stack, the pointer x might actually point to that new data instead.

2013-06-07 08:24:38

堆栈要快得多。它在大多数架构上只使用一条指令，在大多数情况下，例如在x86上: