这里有很好的详尽的答案。

对我来说，关键的一点是，这有两类

op提到的符号是scala sdk中的函数名。在scala中，使用这些字符(包括unicode字符)来编写函数名是合法的。这将是一个很长的列表，试图从sdk中提到所有已经在其他答案中提到的问题

还有一些符号不是函数名，而是语言语法本身的一部分，如=>，_或操作符，如&&，||等。

Regarding :: there is another Stackoverflow entry which covers the :: case. In short, it is used to construct Lists by 'consing' a head element and a tail list. It is both a class which represents a cons'ed list and which can be used as an extractor, but most commonly it is a method on a list. As Pablo Fernandez points out, since it ends in a colon, it is right associative, meaning the receiver of the method call is to the right, and the argument to the left of the operator. That way you can elegantly express the consing as prepending a new head element to an existing list:

val x = 2 :: 3 :: Nil  // same result as List(2, 3)
val y = 1 :: x         // yields List(1, 2, 3)

这相当于

val x = Nil.::(3).::(2) // successively prepend 3 and 2 to an empty list
val y = x.::(1)         // then prepend 1

作为提取器对象的用法如下:

def extract(l: List[Int]) = l match {
   case Nil          => "empty"
   case head :: Nil  => "exactly one element (" + head + ")"
   case head :: tail => "more than one element"
}

extract(Nil)          // yields "empty"
extract(List(1))      // yields "exactly one element (1)"
extract(List(2, 3))   // yields "more than one element"

这看起来像一个运算符，但它实际上只是另一种(更可读的)书写方式

def extract2(l: List[Int]) = l match {
   case Nil            => "empty"
   case ::(head, Nil)  => "exactly one element (" + head + ")"
   case ::(head, tail) => "more than one element"
}

你可以在这篇文章中阅读更多关于提取器的信息。

你可以先根据某些标准对它们进行分组。在这篇文章中，我将只解释下划线字符和右箭头。

_._ contains a period. A period in Scala always indicates a method call. So left of the period you have the receiver, and right of it the message (method name). Now _ is a special symbol in Scala. There are several posts about it, for example this blog entry all use cases. Here it is an anonymous function short cut, that is it a shortcut for a function that takes one argument and invokes the method _ on it. Now _ is not a valid method, so most certainly you were seeing _._1 or something similar, that is, invoking method _._1 on the function argument. _1 to _22 are the methods of tuples which extract a particular element of a tuple. Example:

val tup = ("Hallo", 33)
tup._1 // extracts "Hallo"
tup._2 // extracts 33

现在让我们假设函数应用程序快捷方式的用例。给定一个将整数映射到字符串的映射:

val coll = Map(1 -> "Eins", 2 -> "Zwei", 3 -> "Drei")

Wooop, there is already another occurrence of a strange punctuation. The hyphen and greater-than characters, which resemble a right-hand arrow, is an operator which produces a Tuple2. So there is no difference in the outcome of writing either (1, "Eins") or 1 -> "Eins", only that the latter is easier to read, especially in a list of tuples like the map example. The -> is no magic, it is, like a few other operators, available because you have all implicit conversions in object scala.Predef in scope. The conversion which takes place here is

implicit def any2ArrowAssoc [A] (x: A): ArrowAssoc[A] 

其中ArrowAssoc有->方法，用于创建Tuple2。因此，1 ->“Eins”实际上是调用Predef.any2ArrowAssoc(1).->(“Eins”)。好的。现在回到带有下划线字符的原始问题:

// lets create a sequence from the map by returning the
// values in reverse.
coll.map(_._2.reverse) // yields List(sniE, iewZ, ierD)

这里的下划线缩短了以下等效代码:

coll.map(tup => tup._2.reverse)

注意map的map方法将key和value的元组传递给函数参数。由于我们只对值(字符串)感兴趣，所以我们使用元组上的_2方法提取它们。

只是为其他精彩的答案锦上添花。Scala提供了两个经常被批评的符号操作符，/:(foldLeft)和:\ (foldRight)操作符，第一个是右关联操作符。所以下面三个语句是等价的:

( 1 to 100 ).foldLeft( 0, _+_ )
( 1 to 100 )./:( 0 )( _+_ )
( 0 /: ( 1 to 100 ) )( _+_ )

就像下面这三个:

( 1 to 100 ).foldRight( 0, _+_ )
( 1 to 100 ).:\( 0 )( _+_ )
( ( 1 to 100 ) :\ 0 )( _+_ )

<=就像你会“读”它:'小于或等于'。所以它是一个数学运算符，在<(小于?)、>(大于?)、==(等于?)、!=(不等于?)、<=(小于或等于?)和>=(大于或等于?)的列表中。

这不能与=>混淆，后者是一种右向双箭头，用于将参数列表与函数体分离，并将模式匹配中的测试条件(case块)与匹配发生时执行的函数体分离。你可以在我之前的两个回答中看到这样的例子。一、函数使用:

coll.map(tup => tup._2.reverse)

它已经被缩写为省略了类型。接下来的函数是

// function arguments         function body
(tup: Tuple2[Int, String]) => tup._2.reverse

与模式匹配使用:

def extract2(l: List[Int]) = l match {
   // if l matches Nil    return "empty"
   case Nil            => "empty"
   // etc.
   case ::(head, Nil)  => "exactly one element (" + head + ")"
   // etc.
   case ::(head, tail) => "more than one element"
}

Scala继承了Java的大部分算术运算符。这包括位-或|(单个管道字符)、位-和&、位-异-或^，以及逻辑(boolean)或||(两个管道字符)和逻辑-和&&。有趣的是，你可以在布尔上使用单字符操作符，所以java的逻辑操作符是完全多余的:

true && true   // valid
true & true    // valid as well

3 & 4          // bitwise-and (011 & 100 yields 000)
3 && 4         // not valid

正如在另一篇文章中指出的那样，以等号=结尾的调用将通过重赋来解析(如果该名称不存在!):

var x = 3
x += 1         // `+=` is not a method in `int`, Scala makes it `x = x + 1`

这种“双重检查”使得可以轻松地将可变集合转换为不可变集合:

val m = collection.mutable.Set("Hallo")   // `m` a val, but holds mutable coll
var i = collection.immutable.Set("Hallo") // `i` is a var, but holds immutable coll

m += "Welt" // destructive call m.+=("Welt")
i += "Welt" // re-assignment i = i + "Welt" (creates a new immutable Set)