I think everyone has done a great job responding to your question. I'm just adding more information about thread versus process in Linux to clarify and summarize some of the previous responses in context of kernel. So, my response is in regarding to kernel specific code in Linux. According to Linux Kernel documentation, there is no clear distinction between thread versus process except thread uses shared virtual address space unlike process. Also note, the Linux Kernel uses the term "task" to refer to process and thread in general.

没有实现进程或线程的内部结构，而是有一个结构体task_struct，它描述了一个称为task的抽象调度单元。

另外，根据Linus Torvalds的说法，你根本不应该考虑进程和线程，因为这太有限了，唯一的区别是COE或执行上下文在“从父地址空间分离”或共享地址空间方面的区别。事实上，他在这里用了一个web服务器的例子来说明他的观点(强烈推荐阅读)。

完全归功于linux内核文档

在大多数情况下，我更喜欢进程而不是线程。 当您有一个相对较小的任务(每个划分的任务单元占用的进程开销>>时间)，并且需要在它们之间共享内存时，线程可能会很有用。想象一个大数组。 另外(离题)，请注意，如果您的CPU利用率是100%或接近100%，那么多线程或处理将没有任何好处。(事实上情况会更糟)

线程/进程之间的决定取决于您将使用它来做什么。 进程的好处之一是它有一个PID，可以在不终止父进程的情况下被杀死。

对于一个真实世界的web服务器的例子，apache 1.3过去只支持多进程，但是在2.0中他们增加了一个抽象，这样你就可以在两者之间切换。评论似乎同意进程更健壮，但线程可以提供更好的性能(除了那些进程性能很差且您只想使用线程的窗口)。

多线程是为受虐狂准备的。：）

If you are concerned about an environment where you are constantly creating threads/forks, perhaps like a web server handling requests, you can pre-fork processes, hundreds if necessary. Since they are Copy on Write and use the same memory until a write occurs, it's very fast. They can all block, listening on the same socket and the first one to accept an incoming TCP connection gets to run with it. With g++ you can also assign functions and variables to be closely placed in memory (hot segments) to ensure when you do write to memory, and cause an entire page to be copied at least subsequent write activity will occur on the same page. You really have to use a profiler to verify that kind of stuff but if you are concerned about performance, you should be doing that anyway.

Development time of threaded apps is 3x to 10x times longer due to the subtle interaction on shared objects, threading "gotchas" you didn't think of, and very hard to debug because you cannot reproduce thread interaction problems at will. You may have to do all sort of performance killing checks like having invariants in all your classes that are checked before and after every function and you halt the process and load the debugger if something isn't right. Most often it's embarrassing crashes that occur during production and you have to pore through a core dump trying to figure out which threads did what. Frankly, it's not worth the headache when forking processes is just as fast and implicitly thread safe unless you explicitly share something. At least with explicit sharing you know exactly where to look if a threading style problem occurs.

如果性能如此重要，那就增加另一台计算机和负载平衡。对于开发人员调试一个多线程应用程序的成本，即使是由一个有经验的多线程程序编写的应用程序，你可能会买4块40核的英特尔主板，每块都有64g内存。

That being said, there are asymmetric cases where parallel processing isn't appropriate, like, you want a foreground thread to accept user input and show button presses immediately, without waiting for some clunky back end GUI to keep up. Sexy use of threads where multiprocessing isn't geometrically appropriate. Many things like that just variables or pointers. They aren't "handles" that can be shared in a fork. You have to use threads. Even if you did fork, you'd be sharing the same resource and subject to threading style issues.

从前有Unix，在这个好的旧Unix中，进程有很多开销，所以一些聪明的人所做的是创建线程，这些线程将与父进程共享相同的地址空间，他们只需要减少上下文切换，这将使上下文切换更有效。

在当代的Linux (2.6.x)中，进程的上下文切换和线程的上下文切换在性能上没有太大的区别(只有MMU的东西对线程来说是额外的)。 共享地址空间存在问题，这意味着线程中的错误指针可能破坏同一地址空间中的父进程或另一个线程的内存。

一个进程受到MMU的保护，所以一个错误的指针只会导致一个信号11，而不会损坏。

我通常会使用进程(在Linux中没有太多的上下文切换开销，但是由于MMU的内存保护)，但是如果我需要一个实时调度器类，则会使用pthreads，这完全是另一回事。

为什么你认为线程在Linux上有这么大的性能提升?你有这方面的数据吗，还是说这只是一个神话?

如果您希望尽可能地创建一个纯a进程，您可以使用clone()并设置所有克隆标志。(或者调用fork()来节省打字的时间)

如果你想创建一个纯粹的线程，你可以使用clone()并清除所有的clone标志(或者节省你自己的输入工作并调用pthread_create())

有28个标志指示资源共享的级别。这意味着你可以创建超过2.68亿种类型的任务，这取决于你想分享什么。

这就是我们所说的Linux不区分进程和线程，而是指程序中的任何控制流都是任务的意思。不区分两者的理由是，嗯，并不是唯一定义了超过2.68亿种口味!

因此，做出是使用进程还是线程的“完美决定”实际上就是决定克隆28种资源中的哪一种。