因为很多程序员使用node。满足这个问题的用例是排除node_modules，除了一个模块module-a，例如:

!node_modules/

node_modules/*
!node_modules/module-a/

如果您排除了application/，那么它下面的所有内容将始终被排除(即使稍后的某些负排除模式(“unignore”)可能匹配application/下的某些内容)。

要做你想做的事情，你必须“取消忽略”你想“取消忽略”的所有父目录。通常情况下，您会成对编写针对这种情况的规则:忽略目录中的所有内容，但不包括某些子目录。

# you can skip this first one if it is not already excluded by prior patterns
!application/

application/*
!application/language/

application/language/*
!application/language/gr/

请注意 后面的/*是重要的:

模式dir/排除了名为dir的目录和(隐式地)该目录下的所有内容。 使用dir/， Git永远不会查看dir下的任何内容，因此永远不会对dir下的任何内容应用任何“不排除”模式。 模式dir/*没有说明dir本身;它只是排除了dir下的所有东西。 使用dir/*， Git将直接处理dir的内容，让其他模式有机会“取消排除”一些内容(!dir/sub/)。

gitignore -指定有意忽略的未跟踪文件。

示例排除除特定目录foo/bar以外的所有内容(注意/* -没有斜杠，通配符也会排除foo/bar内的所有内容):

$ cat .gitignore
# exclude everything except directory foo/bar
/*
!/foo
/foo/*
!/foo/bar

WordPress的另一个例子:

!/wp-content
wp-content/*
!/wp-content/plugins
wp-content/plugins/*
!wp-content/plugins/my-awesome-plugin

更多信息在这里:https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore

我发现只有这个可行。

**/node_modules/*
!**/node_modules/keep-dir

这是另一个遍历目录结构以获得所需内容的示例。注意:我没有排除Library/，而是排除Library/**/*

# .gitignore file
Library/**/*
!Library/Application Support/
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/*macro
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/*snippet
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/*settings
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/*keymap
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/*theme
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/**/
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/**/*macro
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/**/*snippet
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/**/*settings
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/**/*keymap
!Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/**/*theme

> git添加库

> git 状态

On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

    new file:   Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/Default (OSX).sublime-keymap
    new file:   Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/ElixirSublime.sublime-settings
    new file:   Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/Package Control.sublime-settings
    new file:   Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/Preferences.sublime-settings
    new file:   Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/RESTer.sublime-settings
    new file:   Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/SublimeLinter/Monokai (SL).tmTheme
    new file:   Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/TextPastryHistory.sublime-settings
    new file:   Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/ZenTabs.sublime-settings
    new file:   Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/adrian-comment.sublime-macro
    new file:   Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/json-pretty-generate.sublime-snippet
    new file:   Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/raise-exception.sublime-snippet
    new file:   Library/Application Support/Sublime Text 3/Packages/User/trailing_spaces.sublime-settings

@Chris Johnsen的回答很好，但在Git的新版本(1.8.2或更高版本)中，有一个双星号模式，你可以利用它来获得更简洁的解决方案:

# assuming the root folder you want to ignore is 'application'
application/**/*

# the subfolder(s) you want to track:
!application/language/gr/

这样你就不必“取消忽略”你想要跟踪的子文件夹的父目录。

Git 2.17.0(不知道在这个版本之前有多早。可能回到1.8.2)，使用**模式结合排除法对指向您的文件的每个子目录有效。例如:

# assuming the root folder you want to ignore is 'application'
application/**

# Explicitly track certain content nested in the 'application' folder:
!application/language/
!application/language/gr/
!application/language/gr/** # Example adding all files & folder in the 'gr' folder
!application/language/gr/SomeFile.txt # Example adding specific file in the 'gr' folder