必须阅读将数据库置于版本控制之下。查看K. Scott Allen的系列帖子。

When it comes to version control, the database is often a second or even third-class citizen. From what I've seen, teams that would never think of writing code without version control in a million years-- and rightly so-- can somehow be completely oblivious to the need for version control around the critical databases their applications rely on. I don't know how you can call yourself a software engineer and maintain a straight face when your database isn't under exactly the same rigorous level of source control as the rest of your code. Don't let this happen to you. Get your database under version control.

我使用ActiveRecord Migrations。这个Ruby gem可以在Rails项目之外使用，并且有适配器可以处理您遇到的大多数数据库。我的建议:如果你能够在Postgres上运行你的项目，你就会得到事务性的模式迁移。这意味着如果迁移只应用了一半，您不会最终得到一个损坏的数据库。

我通过编写脚本输出所有对象(表定义、索引、存储过程等)来源控制数据库模式。但是，至于数据本身，只需依赖定期备份。这确保了所有的结构更改都被正确的修订历史记录捕获，但不会在每次数据更改时给数据库带来负担。

这对我来说也一直是一个很大的烦恼——似乎对开发数据库进行快速更改，保存它(忘记保存更改脚本)太容易了，然后你就卡在那里了。您可以撤消刚才所做的并重新做它以创建更改脚本，当然，如果您愿意的话，也可以从头开始编写它，尽管这将花费大量的时间来编写脚本。

A tool that I have used in the past that has helped with this some is SQL Delta. It will show you the differences between two databases (SQL server/Oracle I believe) and generate all the change scripts necessary to migrate A->B. Another nice thing it does is show all the differences between database content between the production (or test) DB and your development DB. Since more and more apps store configuration and state that is crucial to their execution in database tables, it can be a real pain to have change scripts that remove, add, and alter the proper rows. SQL Delta shows the rows in the database just like they would look in a Diff tool - changed, added, deleted.

一个很好的工具。以下是链接: http://www.sqldelta.com/

我已经在http://dbdeploy.com/上使用了ThoughtWorks的dbdeploy工具。它鼓励使用迁移脚本。在每个版本中，我们将更改脚本合并到一个文件中，以简化理解，并允许dba“支持”更改。

RedGate软件提供了一些很棒的工具，可以帮助你对数据库进行版本化。确保让开发者为开发工作构建自己的独立本地数据库，而不是依赖于“开发服务器”，因为“开发服务器”有时可能停机，有时也可能不停机。