如果你不想使用外部库，而且你不是为Android开发的，你可以创建这样的“扩展”方法：

public static String getStackTraceString(Throwable e) {
    return getStackTraceString(e, "");
}

private static String getStackTraceString(Throwable e, String indent) {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    sb.append(e.toString());
    sb.append("\n");

    StackTraceElement[] stack = e.getStackTrace();
    if (stack != null) {
        for (StackTraceElement stackTraceElement : stack) {
            sb.append(indent);
            sb.append("\tat ");
            sb.append(stackTraceElement.toString());
            sb.append("\n");
        }
    }

    Throwable[] suppressedExceptions = e.getSuppressed();
    // Print suppressed exceptions indented one level deeper.
    if (suppressedExceptions != null) {
        for (Throwable throwable : suppressedExceptions) {
            sb.append(indent);
            sb.append("\tSuppressed: ");
            sb.append(getStackTraceString(throwable, indent + "\t"));
        }
    }

    Throwable cause = e.getCause();
    if (cause != null) {
        sb.append(indent);
        sb.append("Caused by: ");
        sb.append(getStackTraceString(cause, indent));
    }

    return sb.toString();
}

我不久前写了一些方法，所以我想为什么不花我的两分钱。

/** @param stackTraceElements The elements to convert
 * @return The resulting string */
public static final String stackTraceElementsToStr(StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements) {
    return stackTraceElementsToStr(stackTraceElements, "\n");
}

/** @param stackTraceElements The elements to convert
 * @param lineSeparator The line separator to use
 * @return The resulting string */
public static final String stackTraceElementsToStr(StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements, String lineSeparator) {
    return stackTraceElementsToStr(stackTraceElements, lineSeparator, "");
}

/** @param stackTraceElements The elements to convert
 * @param lineSeparator The line separator to use
 * @param padding The string to be used at the start of each line
 * @return The resulting string */
public static final String stackTraceElementsToStr(StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements, String lineSeparator, String padding) {
    String str = "";
    if(stackTraceElements != null) {
        for(StackTraceElement stackTrace : stackTraceElements) {
            str += padding + (!stackTrace.toString().startsWith("Caused By") ? "\tat " : "") + stackTrace.toString() + lineSeparator;
        }
    }
    return str;
}

/** @param stackTraceElements The elements to convert
 * @return The resulting string */
public static final String stackTraceCausedByElementsOnlyToStr(StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements) {
    return stackTraceCausedByElementsOnlyToStr(stackTraceElements, "\n");
}

/** @param stackTraceElements The elements to convert
 * @param lineSeparator The line separator to use
 * @return The resulting string */
public static final String stackTraceCausedByElementsOnlyToStr(StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements, String lineSeparator) {
    return stackTraceCausedByElementsOnlyToStr(stackTraceElements, lineSeparator, "");
}

/** @param stackTraceElements The elements to convert
 * @param lineSeparator The line separator to use
 * @param padding The string to be used at the start of each line
 * @return The resulting string */
public static final String stackTraceCausedByElementsOnlyToStr(StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements, String lineSeparator, String padding) {
    String str = "";
    if(stackTraceElements != null) {
        for(StackTraceElement stackTrace : stackTraceElements) {
            str += (!stackTrace.toString().startsWith("Caused By") ? "" : padding + stackTrace.toString() + lineSeparator);
        }
    }
    return str;
}

/** @param e The {@link Throwable} to convert
 * @return The resulting String */
public static final String throwableToStrNoStackTraces(Throwable e) {
    return throwableToStrNoStackTraces(e, "\n");
}

/** @param e The {@link Throwable} to convert
 * @param lineSeparator The line separator to use
 * @return The resulting String */
public static final String throwableToStrNoStackTraces(Throwable e, String lineSeparator) {
    return throwableToStrNoStackTraces(e, lineSeparator, "");
}

/** @param e The {@link Throwable} to convert
 * @param lineSeparator The line separator to use
 * @param padding The string to be used at the start of each line
 * @return The resulting String */
public static final String throwableToStrNoStackTraces(Throwable e, String lineSeparator, String padding) {
    if(e == null) {
        return "null";
    }
    String str = e.getClass().getName() + ": ";
    if((e.getMessage() != null) && !e.getMessage().isEmpty()) {
        str += e.getMessage() + lineSeparator;
    } else {
        str += lineSeparator;
    }
    str += padding + stackTraceCausedByElementsOnlyToStr(e.getStackTrace(), lineSeparator, padding);
    for(Throwable suppressed : e.getSuppressed()) {
        str += padding + throwableToStrNoStackTraces(suppressed, lineSeparator, padding + "\t");
    }
    Throwable cause = e.getCause();
    while(cause != null) {
        str += padding + "Caused by:" + lineSeparator + throwableToStrNoStackTraces(e.getCause(), lineSeparator, padding);
        cause = cause.getCause();
    }
    return str;
}

/** @param e The {@link Throwable} to convert
 * @return The resulting String */
public static final String throwableToStr(Throwable e) {
    return throwableToStr(e, "\n");
}

/** @param e The {@link Throwable} to convert
 * @param lineSeparator The line separator to use
 * @return The resulting String */
public static final String throwableToStr(Throwable e, String lineSeparator) {
    return throwableToStr(e, lineSeparator, "");
}

/** @param e The {@link Throwable} to convert
 * @param lineSeparator The line separator to use
 * @param padding The string to be used at the start of each line
 * @return The resulting String */
public static final String throwableToStr(Throwable e, String lineSeparator, String padding) {
    if(e == null) {
        return "null";
    }
    String str = padding + e.getClass().getName() + ": ";
    if((e.getMessage() != null) && !e.getMessage().isEmpty()) {
        str += e.getMessage() + lineSeparator;
    } else {
        str += lineSeparator;
    }
    str += padding + stackTraceElementsToStr(e.getStackTrace(), lineSeparator, padding);
    for(Throwable suppressed : e.getSuppressed()) {
        str += padding + "Suppressed: " + throwableToStr(suppressed, lineSeparator, padding + "\t");
    }
    Throwable cause = e.getCause();
    while(cause != null) {
        str += padding + "Caused by:" + lineSeparator + throwableToStr(e.getCause(), lineSeparator, padding);
        cause = cause.getCause();
    }
    return str;
}

例子：

try(InputStream in = new FileInputStream(file)) {
    ...
} catch(IOException e) {
    String exceptionToString = throwableToStr(e);
    someLoggingUtility.println(exceptionToString);
    ...
}

打印：

java.io.FileNotFoundException: C:\test.txt (The system cannot find the file specified)
    at java.io.FileInputStream.open0(Native Method)
    at java.io.FileInputStream.open(Unknown Source)
    at java.io.FileInputStream.<init>(Unknown Source)
    at com.gmail.br45entei.Example.main(Example.java:32)

将堆栈跟踪打印到PrintStream，然后将其转换为字符串：

// ...

catch (Exception e)
{
    ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); 
    e.printStackTrace(new PrintStream(out));
    String str = new String(out.toByteArray());

    System.out.println(str);
}

第一组评论中巧妙的狙击非常有趣，但这真的取决于你想做什么。如果您还没有正确的库，那么3行代码（如D.Wroblewski的答案）是完美的。OTOH，如果您已经拥有apache.commons库（大多数大型项目都有），那么Amar的答案会更短。好的，您可能需要十分钟才能获得库并正确安装它（如果您知道正在做什么，则不到一分钟）。但时间在滴答作响，所以你可能没有时间来腾出时间。Jarek Przygódzki有一个有趣的警告——“如果您不需要嵌套异常”。

但如果我确实需要完整的堆栈跟踪，嵌套的和所有的呢？在这种情况下，秘诀是使用apache.common的getFullStackTrace（请参见http://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-lang/javadocs/api-2.6/org/apache/commons/lang/exception/ExceptionUtils.html#getFullStackTrace%28java.lang.Throwable%29)

这救了我的命。谢谢阿玛的提示！

Apache Commons Lang 3.4（JavaDoc）代码：

public static String getStackTrace(final Throwable throwable) {
    final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
    final PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(sw, true);
    throwable.printStackTrace(pw);
    return sw.getBuffer().toString();
}

与其他答案的不同之处在于，它在PrintWriter上使用autoFlush。

对我来说，最干净、最简单的方法是：

import java.util.Arrays;
Arrays.toString(e.getStackTrace());