使用指针而不是变量的一种方法是消除所需的重复内存。例如，如果您有某个大型复杂对象，您可以使用指针为您所做的每次引用指向该变量。对于变量，您需要为每个副本复制内存。

Pointers allow you to refer to the same space in memory from multiple locations. This means that you can update memory in one location and the change can be seen from another location in your program. You will also save space by being able to share components in your data structures. You should use pointers any place where you need to obtain and pass around the address to a specific spot in memory. You can also use pointers to navigate arrays: An array is a block of contiguous memory that has been allocated with a specific type. The name of the array contains the value of the starting spot of the array. When you add 1, that takes you to the second spot. This allows you to write loops that increment a pointer that slides down the array without having an explicit counter for use in accessing the array.

下面是一个C语言的例子:

char hello[] = "hello";

char *p = hello;

while (*p)
{
    *p += 1; // increase the character by one

    p += 1; // move to the next spot
}

printf(hello);

打印

ifmmp

因为它取每个字符的值并加1。

因为到处复制大对象会浪费时间和内存。

使用指针而不是变量的一种方法是消除所需的重复内存。例如，如果您有某个大型复杂对象，您可以使用指针为您所做的每次引用指向该变量。对于变量，您需要为每个副本复制内存。

在c++中，如果你想使用子类型多态性，你必须使用指针。请参阅这篇文章:没有指针的c++多态性。

真的，仔细想想，这是有道理的。当您使用子类型多态性时，最终，您不知道将调用哪个类或子类的方法实现，因为您不知道实际的类是什么。

使用变量保存未知类的对象的想法与c++在堆栈上存储对象的默认(非指针)模式不兼容，在堆栈中分配的空间量直接对应于类。注意:如果一个类有5个而不是3个实例字段，则需要分配更多的空间。

请注意，如果您使用'&'通过引用传递参数，在幕后仍然涉及到间接(即指针)。'&'只是语法糖，它(1)省去了使用指针语法的麻烦，(2)允许编译器更严格(例如禁止空指针)。

关于你的第二个问题，通常你在编程时不需要使用指针，但是有一个例外，那就是当你创建一个公共API时。

The problem with C++ constructs that people generally use to replace pointers are very dependent on the toolset that you use which is fine when you have all the control you need over the source code, however if you compile a static library with visual studio 2008 for instance and try to use it in a visual studio 2010 you will get a ton of linker errors because the new project is linked with a newer version of STL which is not backwards compatible. Things get even nastier if you compile a DLL and give an import library that people use in a different toolset because in that case your program will crash sooner or later for no apparent reason.

因此，为了将大型数据集从一个库移动到另一个库，如果你不想强迫其他人使用与你使用的相同工具，你可以考虑给一个指向应该复制数据的函数的数组指针。这样做的好处是它甚至不必是一个c风格的数组，你可以使用std::vector并通过给出第一个元素&向量[0]的地址来给出指针，并使用std::vector在内部管理数组。

Another good reason to use pointers in C++ again relates to libraries, consider having a dll that cannot be loaded when your program runs, so if you use an import library then the dependency isn't satisfied and the program crashes. This is the case for instance when you give a public api in a dll alongside your application and you want to access it from other applications. In this case in order to use the API you need to load the dll from its' location (usually it's in a registry key) and then you need to use a function pointer to be able to call functions inside the DLL. Sometimes the people that make the API are nice enough to give you a .h file that contain helper functions to automate this process and give you all the function pointers that you need, but if not you can use LoadLibrary and GetProcAddress on windows and dlopen and dlsym on unix to get them (considering that you know the entire signature of the function).