哈德利·维克汉姆:

我(蹩脚的外观)修改显示使用tidyverse / purrr:

R语言定义对于回答这些类型的问题很方便:

http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-lang.html#Indexing

R has three basic indexing operators, with syntax displayed by the following examples x[i] x[i, j] x[[i]] x[[i, j]] x$a x$"a" For vectors and matrices the [[ forms are rarely used, although they have some slight semantic differences from the [ form (e.g. it drops any names or dimnames attribute, and that partial matching is used for character indices). When indexing multi-dimensional structures with a single index, x[[i]] or x[i] will return the ith sequential element of x. For lists, one generally uses [[ to select any single element, whereas [ returns a list of the selected elements. The [[ form allows only a single element to be selected using integer or character indices, whereas [ allows indexing by vectors. Note though that for a list, the index can be a vector and each element of the vector is applied in turn to the list, the selected component, the selected component of that component, and so on. The result is still a single element.

对于另一个具体的用例，当您想要选择split()函数创建的数据帧时，使用双括号。如果您不知道，split()会根据关键字段将列表/数据帧分组为子集。如果你想对多个组进行操作，绘制它们，等等，这很有用。

> class(data)
[1] "data.frame"

> dsplit<-split(data, data$id)
> class(dsplit)
[1] "list"

> class(dsplit['ID-1'])
[1] "list"

> class(dsplit[['ID-1']])
[1] "data.frame"

作为术语，[[操作符从列表中提取元素，而[操作符获取列表的子集。

为了帮助新手在手动迷雾中导航，看看[[…]]]符号作为一个折叠函数-换句话说，当你只是想从一个命名向量，列表或数据帧中“获取数据”时。如果您想使用来自这些对象的数据进行计算，那么这样做是很好的。这些简单的例子将说明。

(x <- c(x=1, y=2)); x[1]; x[[1]]
(x <- list(x=1, y=2, z=3)); x[1]; x[[1]]
(x <- data.frame(x=1, y=2, z=3)); x[1]; x[[1]]

从第三个例子来看

> 2 * x[1]
  x
1 2
> 2 * x[[1]]
[1] 2

双括号访问列表元素，而单括号返回一个包含单个元素的列表。

lst <- list('one','two','three')

a <- lst[1]
class(a)
## returns "list"

a <- lst[[1]]
class(a)
## returns "character"