I have heard an explanation, that is:" NP-Completeness is probably one of the more enigmatic ideas in the study of algorithms. "NP" stands for "nondeterministic polynomial time," and is the name for what is called a complexity class to which problems can belong. The important thing about the NP complexity class is that problems within that class can be verified by a polynomial time algorithm. As an example, consider the problem of counting stuff. Suppose there are a bunch of apples on a table. The problem is "How many apples are there?" You are provided with a possible answer, 8. You can verify this answer in polynomial time by using the algorithm of, duh, counting the apples. Counting the apples happens in O(n) (that's Big-oh notation) time, because it takes one step to count each apple. For n apples, you need n steps. This problem is in the NP complexity class.

如果一个问题可以证明它既NP-Hard，又在多项式时间内可验证，那么它就被归类为NP-complete。在不深入讨论NP-Hard的情况下，只要说明某些问题的多项式时间解还没有找到就足够了。也就是说，它需要n!(n !)步来解它们。然而，如果给你一个np完全问题的解，你可以在多项式时间内验证它。

np完全问题的一个经典例子是旅行商问题。”

作者:ApoxyButt 来自:http://www.everything2.com/title/NP-complete

我们需要把算法和问题分开。我们编写算法来解决问题，它们以某种方式扩展。虽然这是一种简化，但如果缩放足够好，我们就用“P”来标记算法，如果缩放不够好，就用“NP”来标记算法。

了解我们试图解决的问题，而不是我们用来解决它们的算法，是有帮助的。所以我们说，所有具有良好伸缩算法的问题都是"在P内"的。而那些有一个糟糕的缩放算法的是“NP”。

That means that lots of simple problems are "in NP" too, because we can write bad algorithms to solve easy problems. It would be good to know which problems in NP are the really tricky ones, but we don't just want to say "it's the ones we haven't found a good algorithm for". After all, I could come up with a problem (call it X) that I think needs a super-amazing algorithm. I tell the world that the best algorithm I could come up with to solve X scales badly, and so I think that X is a really tough problem. But tomorrow, maybe somebody cleverer than me invents an algorithm which solves X and is in P. So this isn't a very good definition of hard problems.

尽管如此，NP中仍有许多问题，没有人知道一个好的算法。因此，如果我能证明X是一个特定的问题:一个解决X的好算法也可以用某种迂回的方式，为NP中的所有其他问题提供一个好算法。现在人们可能更相信X是一个棘手的问题。在这种情况下，我们称X为np完全。

基本上这个世界的问题可以分为

1)无法解决的问题 2)棘手问题 3) np问题 4) P-Problem

1)第一个是没有解决问题的办法。 2)其次是需要指数时间(即O (2 ^ n)以上)。 3)第三个是NP。 4)第四个问题很简单。

P:多项式时间问题的解。

NP:指多项式时间尚未找到一个解决方案。我们不确定有没有多项式时间的解决方案，但一旦你提供了一个解决方案，这个解决方案可以在多项式时间验证。

NP完全:是指在多项式时间中我们还没有找到一个解，但它可以在多项式时间中得到验证。NP中的NPC问题是比较困难的问题，所以如果我们能证明NPC问题有P个解，那么NP问题就能在P个解中找到。

NP困难:指多项式时间尚未找到解决方案，但它肯定无法在多项式时间内得到验证。NP难的问题超过NPC难的问题。

上面NP完全问题的定义是正确的，但我想我可能会对它们的哲学重要性进行抒情，因为还没有人解决这个问题。

几乎你遇到的所有复杂问题都是NP完全的。这门课有一些非常基础的东西，从计算上看和容易解决的问题是不同的。它们有自己的味道，而且不难辨认。这基本上意味着任何适度复杂的算法都不可能精确地解决——调度、优化、包装、覆盖等。

But not all is lost if a problem you'll encounter is NP Complete. There is a vast and very technical field where people study approximation algorithms, which will give you guarantees for being close to the solution of an NP complete problem. Some of these are incredibly strong guarantees -- for example, for 3sat, you can get a 7/8 guarantee through a really obvious algorithm. Even better, in reality, there are some very strong heuristics, which excel at giving great answers (but no guarantees!) for these problems.

请注意，两个非常著名的问题——图同构和因式分解——不知道是P或NP。

I have heard an explanation, that is:" NP-Completeness is probably one of the more enigmatic ideas in the study of algorithms. "NP" stands for "nondeterministic polynomial time," and is the name for what is called a complexity class to which problems can belong. The important thing about the NP complexity class is that problems within that class can be verified by a polynomial time algorithm. As an example, consider the problem of counting stuff. Suppose there are a bunch of apples on a table. The problem is "How many apples are there?" You are provided with a possible answer, 8. You can verify this answer in polynomial time by using the algorithm of, duh, counting the apples. Counting the apples happens in O(n) (that's Big-oh notation) time, because it takes one step to count each apple. For n apples, you need n steps. This problem is in the NP complexity class.

如果一个问题可以证明它既NP-Hard，又在多项式时间内可验证，那么它就被归类为NP-complete。在不深入讨论NP-Hard的情况下，只要说明某些问题的多项式时间解还没有找到就足够了。也就是说，它需要n!(n !)步来解它们。然而，如果给你一个np完全问题的解，你可以在多项式时间内验证它。

np完全问题的一个经典例子是旅行商问题。”

作者:ApoxyButt 来自:http://www.everything2.com/title/NP-complete

np完全问题是一组问题，其中每一个问题都是任意的 其他np问题可以在多项式时间内约简，其解 仍然可以在多项式时间内验证。也就是说，任何NP问题都可以 转化为np完全问题。 非正式地说，NP完全问题是一个NP问题，至少是“难” 和NP中的其他问题一样。