下面的函数将b合并为a。

def mergedicts(a, b):
    for key in b:
        if isinstance(a.get(key), dict) or isinstance(b.get(key), dict):
            mergedicts(a[key], b[key])
        else:
            a[key] = b[key]
    return a

这个版本的函数将处理N个字典，并且只处理字典——不能传递不恰当的参数，否则将引发TypeError。合并本身解释了键冲突，它不是覆盖来自合并链下的字典的数据，而是创建一组值并追加到该值;没有数据丢失。

它可能不是页面上最有效的，但它是最彻底的，当你合并2到N字典时，你不会丢失任何信息。

def merge_dicts(*dicts):
    if not reduce(lambda x, y: isinstance(y, dict) and x, dicts, True):
        raise TypeError, "Object in *dicts not of type dict"
    if len(dicts) < 2:
        raise ValueError, "Requires 2 or more dict objects"


    def merge(a, b):
        for d in set(a.keys()).union(b.keys()):
            if d in a and d in b:
                if type(a[d]) == type(b[d]):
                    if not isinstance(a[d], dict):
                        ret = list({a[d], b[d]})
                        if len(ret) == 1: ret = ret[0]
                        yield (d, sorted(ret))
                    else:
                        yield (d, dict(merge(a[d], b[d])))
                else:
                    raise TypeError, "Conflicting key:value type assignment"
            elif d in a:
                yield (d, a[d])
            elif d in b:
                yield (d, b[d])
            else:
                raise KeyError

    return reduce(lambda x, y: dict(merge(x, y)), dicts[1:], dicts[0])

print merge_dicts({1:1,2:{1:2}},{1:2,2:{3:1}},{4:4})

输出:{1:[1,2]，2:{1:2,3:1}，4:4}

以下是来自@andrew cooke的回答。 它以更好的方式处理嵌套列表。

def deep_merge_lists(original, incoming):
    """
    Deep merge two lists. Modifies original.
    Recursively call deep merge on each correlated element of list. 
    If item type in both elements are
     a. dict: Call deep_merge_dicts on both values.
     b. list: Recursively call deep_merge_lists on both values.
     c. any other type: Value is overridden.
     d. conflicting types: Value is overridden.

    If length of incoming list is more that of original then extra values are appended.
    """
    common_length = min(len(original), len(incoming))
    for idx in range(common_length):
        if isinstance(original[idx], dict) and isinstance(incoming[idx], dict):
            deep_merge_dicts(original[idx], incoming[idx])

        elif isinstance(original[idx], list) and isinstance(incoming[idx], list):
            deep_merge_lists(original[idx], incoming[idx])

        else:
            original[idx] = incoming[idx]

    for idx in range(common_length, len(incoming)):
        original.append(incoming[idx])


def deep_merge_dicts(original, incoming):
    """
    Deep merge two dictionaries. Modifies original.
    For key conflicts if both values are:
     a. dict: Recursively call deep_merge_dicts on both values.
     b. list: Call deep_merge_lists on both values.
     c. any other type: Value is overridden.
     d. conflicting types: Value is overridden.

    """
    for key in incoming:
        if key in original:
            if isinstance(original[key], dict) and isinstance(incoming[key], dict):
                deep_merge_dicts(original[key], incoming[key])

            elif isinstance(original[key], list) and isinstance(incoming[key], list):
                deep_merge_lists(original[key], incoming[key])

            else:
                original[key] = incoming[key]
        else:
            original[key] = incoming[key]

在不影响输入字典的情况下返回一个合并。

def _merge_dicts(dictA: Dict = {}, dictB: Dict = {}) -> Dict:
    # it suffices to pass as an argument a clone of `dictA`
    return _merge_dicts_aux(dictA, dictB, copy(dictA))


def _merge_dicts_aux(dictA: Dict = {}, dictB: Dict = {}, result: Dict = {}, path: List[str] = None) -> Dict:

    # conflict path, None if none
    if path is None:
        path = []

    for key in dictB:

        # if the key doesn't exist in A, add the B element to A
        if key not in dictA:
            result[key] = dictB[key]

        else:
            # if the key value is a dict, both in A and in B, merge the dicts
            if isinstance(dictA[key], dict) and isinstance(dictB[key], dict):
                _merge_dicts_aux(dictA[key], dictB[key], result[key], path + [str(key)])

            # if the key value is the same in A and in B, ignore
            elif dictA[key] == dictB[key]:
                pass

            # if the key value differs in A and in B, raise error
            else:
                err: str = f"Conflict at {'.'.join(path + [str(key)])}"
                raise Exception(err)

    return result

灵感来自@andrew cooke的解决方案

这里我有另一个稍微不同的解决方案:

def deepMerge(d1, d2, inconflict = lambda v1,v2 : v2) :
''' merge d2 into d1. using inconflict function to resolve the leaf conflicts '''
    for k in d2:
        if k in d1 : 
            if isinstance(d1[k], dict) and isinstance(d2[k], dict) :
                deepMerge(d1[k], d2[k], inconflict)
            elif d1[k] != d2[k] :
                d1[k] = inconflict(d1[k], d2[k])
        else :
            d1[k] = d2[k]
    return d1

默认情况下，它解决冲突，支持来自第二个字典的值，但您可以很容易地覆盖这一点，使用一些巫术，您甚至可以抛出异常。:)。

字典的字典合并

由于这是一个规范的问题(尽管存在某些非泛化性)，所以我提供了规范的python方法来解决这个问题。

最简单的情况:“叶子是嵌套的字典，以空字典结尾”:

d1 = {'a': {1: {'foo': {}}, 2: {}}}
d2 = {'a': {1: {}, 2: {'bar': {}}}}
d3 = {'b': {3: {'baz': {}}}}
d4 = {'a': {1: {'quux': {}}}}

这是递归最简单的情况，我推荐两种简单的方法:

def rec_merge1(d1, d2):
    '''return new merged dict of dicts'''
    for k, v in d1.items(): # in Python 2, use .iteritems()!
        if k in d2:
            d2[k] = rec_merge1(v, d2[k])
    d3 = d1.copy()
    d3.update(d2)
    return d3

def rec_merge2(d1, d2):
    '''update first dict with second recursively'''
    for k, v in d1.items(): # in Python 2, use .iteritems()!
        if k in d2:
            d2[k] = rec_merge2(v, d2[k])
    d1.update(d2)
    return d1

我相信我更喜欢第二个，而不是第一个，但请记住，第一个的原始状态必须从它的起源重建。用法如下:

>>> from functools import reduce # only required for Python 3.
>>> reduce(rec_merge1, (d1, d2, d3, d4))
{'a': {1: {'quux': {}, 'foo': {}}, 2: {'bar': {}}}, 'b': {3: {'baz': {}}}}
>>> reduce(rec_merge2, (d1, d2, d3, d4))
{'a': {1: {'quux': {}, 'foo': {}}, 2: {'bar': {}}}, 'b': {3: {'baz': {}}}}

复杂情况:“叶子是任何其他类型的:”

所以如果它们以字典结尾，这是一个简单的合并结尾空字典的例子。如果不是，也不是那么微不足道。如果是字符串，怎么合并?集合也可以类似地更新，所以我们可以这样处理，但我们失去了它们合并的顺序。那么顺序重要吗?

因此，代替更多信息，最简单的方法是给它们一个标准的更新处理，如果两个值都不是dict:即第二个dict的值将覆盖第一个dict，即使第二个dict的值是None，而第一个dict的值是一个包含大量信息的dict。

d1 = {'a': {1: 'foo', 2: None}}
d2 = {'a': {1: None, 2: 'bar'}}
d3 = {'b': {3: 'baz'}}
d4 = {'a': {1: 'quux'}}

from collections.abc import MutableMapping

def rec_merge(d1, d2):
    '''
    Update two dicts of dicts recursively, 
    if either mapping has leaves that are non-dicts, 
    the second's leaf overwrites the first's.
    '''
    for k, v in d1.items():
        if k in d2:
            # this next check is the only difference!
            if all(isinstance(e, MutableMapping) for e in (v, d2[k])):
                d2[k] = rec_merge(v, d2[k])
            # we could further check types and merge as appropriate here.
    d3 = d1.copy()
    d3.update(d2)
    return d3

现在

from functools import reduce
reduce(rec_merge, (d1, d2, d3, d4))

返回

{'a': {1: 'quux', 2: 'bar'}, 'b': {3: 'baz'}}

适用于原问题:

我不得不删除字母周围的花括号，并将它们放在单引号中，以使其成为合法的Python(否则它们将在Python 2.7+中设置字面量)，并附加一个缺少的大括号:

dict1 = {1:{"a":'A'}, 2:{"b":'B'}}
dict2 = {2:{"c":'C'}, 3:{"d":'D'}}

rec_merge(dict1, dict2)现在返回:

{1: {'a': 'A'}, 2: {'c': 'C', 'b': 'B'}, 3: {'d': 'D'}}

匹配原始问题的期望结果(在改变后，例如{A}为'A')。