确保一次只运行一个shell脚本实例的快速方法

有什么快速而简单的方法可以确保在给定时间内只有一个shell脚本实例在运行?

当前回答

测试“锁文件”是否存在的简单方法是有缺陷的。

为什么?因为它们不会检查文件是否存在，也不会在单个原子操作中创建文件。因为这个;有一个竞争条件会使你的互斥失败。

相反，您可以使用mkdir。Mkdir创建一个目录，如果它还不存在，如果它存在，它设置一个退出码。更重要的是，它在一个原子动作中完成了所有这些操作，这使得它非常适合这个场景。

if ! mkdir /tmp/myscript.lock 2>/dev/null; then
    echo "Myscript is already running." >&2
    exit 1
fi

有关所有细节，请参阅优秀的BashFAQ: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/045

如果你想要处理陈旧的锁，fuser(1)会派上用场。唯一的缺点是这个操作大约需要一秒钟，所以它不是即时的。

下面是我曾经写过的一个函数，它使用fuser解决了这个问题:

#       mutex file
#
# Open a mutual exclusion lock on the file, unless another process already owns one.
#
# If the file is already locked by another process, the operation fails.
# This function defines a lock on a file as having a file descriptor open to the file.
# This function uses FD 9 to open a lock on the file.  To release the lock, close FD 9:
# exec 9>&-
#
mutex() {
    local file=$1 pid pids 

    exec 9>>"$file"
    { pids=$(fuser -f "$file"); } 2>&- 9>&- 
    for pid in $pids; do
        [[ $pid = $$ ]] && continue

        exec 9>&- 
        return 1 # Locked by a pid.
    done 
}

你可以像这样在脚本中使用它:

mutex /var/run/myscript.lock || { echo "Already running." >&2; exit 1; }

如果您不关心可移植性(这些解决方案应该适用于几乎任何UNIX机器)，Linux的fuser(1)提供了一些额外的选项，还有flock(1)。

2009-04-08 20:16:28

其他回答

在脚本的开头添加这一行

[ "${FLOCKER}" != "$0" ] && exec env FLOCKER="$0" flock -en "$0" "$0" "$@" || :

这是人类群体的样板代码。

如果需要更多的日志记录，可以使用这个

[ "${FLOCKER}" != "$0" ] && { echo "Trying to start build from queue... "; exec bash -c "FLOCKER='$0' flock -E $E_LOCKED -en '$0' '$0' '$@' || if [ \"\$?\" -eq $E_LOCKED ]; then echo 'Locked.'; fi"; } || echo "Lock is free. Completing."

使用flock工具设置和检查锁。这段代码通过检查FLOCKER变量来检测它是否第一次运行，如果它没有设置为脚本名称，那么它会尝试再次递归地使用flock启动脚本，并初始化FLOCKER变量，如果FLOCKER设置正确，那么在前一次迭代中flock成功，可以继续。如果锁繁忙，它将失败，并使用可配置的退出代码。

它似乎不能在Debian 7上工作，但似乎可以在实验util-linux 2.25包上再次工作。上面写着“羊群:……文本文件繁忙”。可以通过禁用脚本上的写权限来覆盖它。

2014-08-05 07:31:47

我对现有的答案有以下问题:

Some answers try to clean up lock files and then having to deal with stale lock files caused by e.g. sudden crash/reboot. IMO that is unnecessarily complicated. Let lock files stay. Some answers use script file itself $0 or $BASH_SOURCE for locking often referring to examples from man flock. This fails when script is replaced due to update or edit causing next run to open and obtain lock on the new script file even though another instance holding a lock on the removed file is still running. Few answers use a fixed file descriptor. This is not ideal. I do not want to rely on how this will behave e.g. opening lock file fails but gets mishandled and attempts to lock on unrelated file descriptor inherited from parent process. Another fail case is injecting locking wrapper for a 3rd party binary that does not handle locking itself but fixed file descriptors can interfere with file descriptor passing to child processes. I reject answers using process lookup for already running script name. There are several reasons for it, such as but not limited to reliability/atomicity, parsing output, and having script that does several related functions some of which do not require locking.

这个答案是:

rely on flock because it gets kernel to provide locking ... provided lock file is created atomically and not replaced. assume and rely on lock file being stored on the local filesystem as opposed to NFS. change lock file presence to NOT mean anything about a running instance. Its role is purely to prevent two concurrent instances creating file with same name and replacing another's copy. Lock file does not get deleted, it gets left behind and can survive across reboots. The locking is indicated via flock not via lock file presence. assume bash shell, as tagged by the question.

它不是一个联机程序，但是没有注释和错误消息，它足够小:

#!/bin/bash

LOCKFILE=/var/lock/TODO

set -o noclobber
exec {lockfd}<> "${LOCKFILE}" || exit 1
set +o noclobber # depends on what you need
flock --exclusive --nonblock ${lockfd} || exit 1

但我更喜欢注释和错误消息:

#!/bin/bash

# TODO Set a lock file name
LOCKFILE=/var/lock/myprogram.lock

# Set noclobber option to ensure lock file is not REPLACED.
set -o noclobber

# Open lock file for R+W on a new file descriptor
# and assign the new file descriptor to "lockfd" variable.
# This does NOT obtain a lock but ensures the file exists and opens it.
exec {lockfd}<> "${LOCKFILE}" || {
  echo "pid=$$ failed to open LOCKFILE='${LOCKFILE}'" 1>&2
  exit 1
}

# TODO!!!! undo/set the desired noclobber value for the remainder of the script
set +o noclobber

# Lock on the allocated file descriptor or fail
# Adjust flock options e.g. --noblock as needed
flock --exclusive --nonblock ${lockfd} || {
  echo "pid=$$ failed to obtain lock fd='${lockfd}' LOCKFILE='${LOCKFILE}'" 1>&2
  exit 1
}

# DO work here
echo "pid=$$ obtained exclusive lock fd='${lockfd}' LOCKFILE='${LOCKFILE}'"

# Can unlock after critical section and do more work after unlocking
#flock -u ${lockfd};
# if unlocking then might as well close lockfd too
#exec {lockfd}<&-

2021-12-09 05:22:26

这个我在任何地方都没有发现，它使用read，我不确切地知道read是否实际上是原子的，但到目前为止它对我来说很有用……它很有趣，因为它只是bash内置的，这是一个进程内实现，你启动locker协进程并使用它的I / O来管理锁，同样可以在进程间完成，只需将目标I / O从locker文件描述符交换到文件系统上的文件描述符(exec 3<>/file && exec 4</file)

## gives locks
locker() {
    locked=false
    while read l; do
        case "$l" in
            lock)
                if $locked; then
                    echo false
                else
                    locked=true
                    echo true
                fi
                ;;
            unlock)
                if $locked; then
                    locked=false
                    echo true
                else
                    echo false
                fi
                ;;
            *)
                echo false
                ;;
        esac
    done
}
## locks
lock() {
    local response
    echo lock >&${locker[1]}
    read -ru ${locker[0]} response
    $response && return 0 || return 1
}

## unlocks
unlock() {
    local response
    echo unlock >&${locker[1]}
    read -ru ${locker[0]} response
    $response && return 0 || return 1
}

2018-05-16 14:31:14

if [ 1 -ne $(/bin/fuser "$0" 2>/dev/null | wc -w) ]; then
    exit 1
fi

2015-11-30 13:30:01