我最初的回答是:

select  max(my_column) as [my_column], quartile
from    (select my_column, ntile(4) over (order by my_column) as [quartile]
         from   my_table) i
--where quartile = 2
group by quartile

这将使您一举获得中位数和四分位范围。如果你真的只想要一行作为中值，那么取消注释where子句。

当你把它放入解释计划时，60%的工作是对数据进行排序，这在计算像这样的位置依赖统计数据时是不可避免的。

我修改了答案，以遵循Robert Ševčík-Robajz在下面的评论中提出的优秀建议:

;with PartitionedData as
  (select my_column, ntile(10) over (order by my_column) as [percentile]
   from   my_table),
MinimaAndMaxima as
  (select  min(my_column) as [low], max(my_column) as [high], percentile
   from    PartitionedData
   group by percentile)
select
  case
    when b.percentile = 10 then cast(b.high as decimal(18,2))
    else cast((a.low + b.high)  as decimal(18,2)) / 2
  end as [value], --b.high, a.low,
  b.percentile
from    MinimaAndMaxima a
  join  MinimaAndMaxima b on (a.percentile -1 = b.percentile) or (a.percentile = 10 and b.percentile = 10)
--where b.percentile = 5

当您有偶数个数据项时，这应该计算正确的中位数和百分比值。同样，如果您只想要中位数而不是整个百分位数分布，请取消最后的where子句的注释。

通常情况下，我们不仅需要为整个表计算Median，还需要为与某个ID相关的聚合计算Median。换句话说，计算表中每个ID的中位数，其中每个ID有许多记录。(基于@gdoron编辑的解决方案:性能良好，适用于许多SQL)

SELECT our_id, AVG(1.0 * our_val) as Median
FROM
( SELECT our_id, our_val, 
  COUNT(*) OVER (PARTITION BY our_id) AS cnt,
  ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY our_id ORDER BY our_val) AS rnk
  FROM our_table
) AS x
WHERE rnk IN ((cnt + 1)/2, (cnt + 2)/2) GROUP BY our_id;

希望能有所帮助。

对于大规模数据集，您可以尝试以下GIST:

https://gist.github.com/chrisknoll/1b38761ce8c5016ec5b2

它通过聚合您在集合中找到的不同值(例如年龄或出生年份等)来工作，并使用SQL窗口函数来定位您在查询中指定的任何百分比位置。

对于像我这样正在学习基础知识的新手来说，我个人觉得这个例子更容易理解，因为它更容易理解到底发生了什么以及中值来自哪里……

select
 ( max(a.[Value1]) + min(a.[Value1]) ) / 2 as [Median Value1]
,( max(a.[Value2]) + min(a.[Value2]) ) / 2 as [Median Value2]

from (select
    datediff(dd,startdate,enddate) as [Value1]
    ,xxxxxxxxxxxxxx as [Value2]
     from dbo.table1
     )a

不过，对上面的一些代码绝对敬畏!!

我想自己想出一个解决办法，但我的大脑绊倒了。我觉得很管用，但别让我早上解释。: P

DECLARE @table AS TABLE
(
    Number int not null
);

insert into @table select 2;
insert into @table select 4;
insert into @table select 9;
insert into @table select 15;
insert into @table select 22;
insert into @table select 26;
insert into @table select 37;
insert into @table select 49;

DECLARE @Count AS INT
SELECT @Count = COUNT(*) FROM @table;

WITH MyResults(RowNo, Number) AS
(
    SELECT RowNo, Number FROM
        (SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY Number) AS RowNo, Number FROM @table) AS Foo
)
SELECT AVG(Number) FROM MyResults WHERE RowNo = (@Count+1)/2 OR RowNo = ((@Count+1)%2) * ((@Count+2)/2)

在我的解决方案表中是一个只有分数列的学生表，我正在计算分数的中位数，这个解决方案是基于SQL server 2019的

with total_c as ( --Total_c CTE counts total number of rows in a table
    select count(*) as n from student
),
even as ( --Even CTE extract two middle rows if the number of rows are even
    select marks from student 
    order by marks 
    offset (select n from total_c)/2 -1 rows
    fetch next 2 rows only
),
odd as ( --Odd CTE extract middle row if the number of rows are odd
    select marks from student 
    order by marks 
    offset (select n + 1 from total_c)/2 -1 rows
    fetch next 1 rows only
    )
--Case statement helps to select odd or even CTE based on number of rows
select                                                        
case when n%2 = 0 then (select avg(cast(marks as float)) from even)
    else (select marks from odd)
end as med_marks
from total_c