在我的一次采访中,我被要求解释接口类和抽象类之间的区别。

以下是我的回答:

Methods of a Java interface are implicitly abstract and cannot have implementations. A Java abstract class can have instance methods that implements a default behaviour. Variables declared in a Java interface are by default final. An abstract class may contain non-final variables. Members of a Java interface are public by default. A Java abstract class can have the usual flavours of class members like private, protected, etc. A Java interface should be implemented using keyword “implements”; A Java abstract class should be extended using keyword “extends”. An interface can extend another Java interface only, an abstract class can extend another Java class and implement multiple Java interfaces. A Java class can implement multiple interfaces but it can extend only one abstract class.

然而,面试官并不满意,他告诉我这种描述代表了“书本知识”。

他让我给出一个更实际的回答,用实际的例子解释我什么时候会选择抽象类而不是接口。

我哪里错了?


当前回答

简而言之,我想这样回答:

通过类层次结构进行继承意味着状态继承; 而通过接口继承则代表行为继承;

抽象类可以被视为介于这两种情况之间的东西(它引入了一些状态,但也迫使你定义一个行为),完全抽象类是一个接口(据我所知,这是c++中仅由虚拟方法组成的类的进一步发展)。

当然,从Java 8开始,事情发生了轻微的变化,但思想仍然是一样的。

我想这对于一个典型的Java面试来说已经足够了,如果你不是被编译器团队面试的话。

其他回答

我先给大家举个例子:

public interface LoginAuth{
   public String encryptPassword(String pass);
   public void checkDBforUser();
}

假设您的应用程序中有3个数据库。然后,该数据库的每个实现都需要定义上述2个方法:

public class DBMySQL implements LoginAuth{
          // Needs to implement both methods
}
public class DBOracle implements LoginAuth{
          // Needs to implement both methods
}
public class DBAbc implements LoginAuth{
          // Needs to implement both methods
}

但是,如果encryptPassword()不依赖于数据库,并且对每个类都是相同的呢?那么上面的方法就不是一个好的方法。

相反,考虑以下方法:

public abstract class LoginAuth{
   public String encryptPassword(String pass){
            // Implement the same default behavior here 
            // that is shared by all subclasses.
   }

   // Each subclass needs to provide their own implementation of this only:
   public abstract void checkDBforUser();
}

现在,在每个子类中,我们只需要实现一个方法——依赖于数据库的方法。

简而言之,我想这样回答:

通过类层次结构进行继承意味着状态继承; 而通过接口继承则代表行为继承;

抽象类可以被视为介于这两种情况之间的东西(它引入了一些状态,但也迫使你定义一个行为),完全抽象类是一个接口(据我所知,这是c++中仅由虚拟方法组成的类的进一步发展)。

当然,从Java 8开始,事情发生了轻微的变化,但思想仍然是一样的。

我想这对于一个典型的Java面试来说已经足够了,如果你不是被编译器团队面试的话。

你的回答是对的,但是面试官需要你从软件工程的角度来区分,而不是根据Java的细节。

简单的单词:

An Interface is like the interface of a shop anything that is shown on it should be there in the shop, so any method in the Interface must be there implemented in the concrete class. Now what if some classes share some exact methods and varies in others. Suppose the Interface is about a shop that contains two things and suppose we have two shops both contain sport equipment but one has clothes extra and the other has shoes extra. So what you do is making an abstract class for Sport that implements the Sports method and leave the other method unimplemented. Abstract class here means that this shop doesn't exist itself but it is the base for other classes/shops. This way you are organising the code, avoiding errors of replicating the code, unifying the code, and ensuring re-usability by some other class.

是的,从技术上讲,你的回答是正确的,但你的错误之处在于,你没有向他们表明你理解选择其中一个的利弊。此外,他们可能担心将来升级时代码库的兼容性问题。这种类型的回答可能有帮助(除了你说的):

"Choosing an Abstract Class over an Interface Class depends on what we project the future of the code will be. Abstract classes allow better forward-compatibility because you can continue adding behavior to an Abstract Class well into the future without breaking your existing code --> this is not possible with an Interface Class. On the other hand, Interface Classes are more flexible than Abstract Classes. This is because they can implement multiple interfaces. The thing is Java does not have multiple inheritances so using abstract classes won't let you use any other class hierarchy structure... So, in the end a good general rule of thumb is: Prefer using Interface Classes when there are no existing/default implementations in your codebase. And, use Abstract Classes to preserve compatibility if you know you will be updating your class in the future."

祝你下次面试好运!

抽象类不是纯粹的抽象,因为它是具体方法(已实现方法)和未实现方法的集合。 但 接口是纯抽象的,因为只有未实现的方法,没有具体的方法。

为什么是抽象类?

如果用户想为所有对象编写通用功能。 抽象类是未来重新实现的最佳选择,可以在不影响最终用户的情况下增加更多的功能。

为什么接口?

如果用户想要编写不同的功能,那将是对象上的不同功能。 一旦接口发布,如果不需要修改需求,接口是最好的选择。