同步的方法

同步方法有两个效果。 首先，当一个线程正在为一个对象执行同步方法时，所有为同一对象调用同步方法的其他线程将阻塞(暂停执行)，直到第一个线程处理完该对象。

其次，当同步方法退出时，它自动与同一对象的同步方法的任何后续调用建立happens-before关系。这保证了对对象状态的更改对于所有线程都是可见的。

注意，构造函数不能同步——在构造函数中使用synchronized关键字是一个语法错误。同步构造函数没有意义，因为只有创建对象的线程才能在构造对象时访问它。

同步语句

与同步方法不同，同步语句必须指定提供内在锁的对象:大多数情况下，我使用它来同步对列表或映射的访问，但我不想阻塞对对象的所有方法的访问。

Q:内在锁和同步 同步是围绕一个称为内在锁或监视器锁的内部实体构建的。(API规范通常将此实体简单地称为“监视器”)内在锁在同步的两个方面都发挥作用:强制独占访问对象的状态，并建立对可见性至关重要的happens-before关系。

Every object has an intrinsic lock associated with it. By convention, a thread that needs exclusive and consistent access to an object's fields has to acquire the object's intrinsic lock before accessing them, and then release the intrinsic lock when it's done with them. A thread is said to own the intrinsic lock between the time it has acquired the lock and released the lock. As long as a thread owns an intrinsic lock, no other thread can acquire the same lock. The other thread will block when it attempts to acquire the lock.

package test;

public class SynchTest implements Runnable {  
    private int c = 0;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new SynchTest().test();
    }

    public void test() {
        // Create the object with the run() method
        Runnable runnable = new SynchTest();
        Runnable runnable2 = new SynchTest();
        // Create the thread supplying it with the runnable object
        Thread thread = new Thread(runnable,"thread-1");
        Thread thread2 = new Thread(runnable,"thread-2");
//      Here the key point is passing same object, if you pass runnable2 for thread2,
//      then its not applicable for synchronization test and that wont give expected
//      output Synchronization method means "it is not possible for two invocations
//      of synchronized methods on the same object to interleave"

        // Start the thread
        thread.start();
        thread2.start();
    }

    public synchronized  void increment() {
        System.out.println("Begin thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
        System.out.println(this.hashCode() + "Value of C = " + c);
//      If we uncomment this for synchronized block, then the result would be different
//      synchronized(this) {
            for (int i = 0; i < 9999999; i++) {
                c += i;
            }
//      }
        System.out.println("End thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
    }

//    public synchronized void decrement() {
//        System.out.println("Decrement " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
//    }

    public int value() {
        return c;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        this.increment();
    }
}

用同步方法，块和不同步交叉检查不同的输出。

关于使用同步块的重要提示:小心你使用的锁对象!

上面user2277816的代码片段说明了这一点，将字符串字面值的引用用作锁定对象。 意识到字符串字面值在Java中是自动互缩的，您应该开始看到问题所在:在字面值“锁”上同步的每段代码都共享同一个锁!这很容易导致完全不相关的代码段发生死锁。

您需要注意的不仅仅是String对象。装箱的原语也是一种危险，因为autoboxing和valueOf方法可以重用相同的对象，这取决于值。

有关更多信息，请参阅: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/java/LCK01-J.+Do+not+synchronize+on+objects+that+may+be+reused

注意:静态同步方法和块工作在Class对象上。

public class MyClass {
   // locks MyClass.class
   public static synchronized void foo() {
// do something
   }

   // similar
   public static void foo() {
      synchronized(MyClass.class) {
// do something
      }
   }
}

当java编译器将源代码转换为字节码时，它处理同步方法和同步块的方式非常不同。

当JVM执行一个同步方法时，执行线程识别出该方法的method_info结构体设置了ACC_SYNCHRONIZED标志，然后它自动获取对象的锁，调用该方法，并释放锁。如果发生异常，线程自动释放锁。

另一方面，同步方法块绕过了JVM对获取对象锁和异常处理的内置支持，并要求显式地用字节代码编写功能。如果读取带有同步块的方法的字节代码，您将看到十多个额外的操作来管理此功能。

这显示了生成同步方法和同步块的调用:

public class SynchronizationExample {
    private int i;

    public synchronized int synchronizedMethodGet() {
        return i;
    }

    public int synchronizedBlockGet() {
        synchronized( this ) {
            return i;
        }
    }
}

synchronizedMethodGet()方法生成以下字节代码:

0:  aload_0
1:  getfield
2:  nop
3:  iconst_m1
4:  ireturn

下面是synchronizedBlockGet()方法的字节代码:

0:  aload_0
1:  dup
2:  astore_1
3:  monitorenter
4:  aload_0
5:  getfield
6:  nop
7:  iconst_m1
8:  aload_1
9:  monitorexit
10: ireturn
11: astore_2
12: aload_1
13: monitorexit
14: aload_2
15: athrow

One significant difference between synchronized method and block is that, Synchronized block generally reduce scope of lock. As scope of lock is inversely proportional to performance, its always better to lock only critical section of code. One of the best example of using synchronized block is double checked locking in Singleton pattern where instead of locking whole getInstance() method we only lock critical section of code which is used to create Singleton instance. This improves performance drastically because locking is only required one or two times.

在使用同步方法时，如果混合使用静态同步方法和非静态同步方法，则需要格外小心。

TLDR;不要使用synchronized修饰符或synchronized(this){…}表达式but synchronized(myLock){…其中myLock是一个持有私有对象的最终实例字段。

在方法声明中使用synchronized修饰符与在方法主体中使用synchronized(..){}表达式的区别如下:

The synchronized modifier specified on the method's signature is visible in the generated JavaDoc, is programmatically determinable via reflection when testing a method's modifier for Modifier.SYNCHRONIZED, requires less typing and indention compared to synchronized(this) { .... }, and (depending on your IDE) is visible in the class outline and code completion, uses the this object as lock when declared on non-static method or the enclosing class when declared on a static method. The synchronized(...){...} expression allows you to only synchronize the execution of parts of a method's body, to be used within a constructor or a (static) initialization block, to choose the lock object which controls the synchronized access.

然而，使用synchronized修饰符或synchronized(…){…}使用this作为锁对象(如synchronized(this){…})，也有同样的缺点。两者都使用它自己的实例作为锁对象进行同步。这是很危险的，因为不仅对象本身，而且任何其他持有该对象引用的外部对象/代码也可以将其用作同步锁，这可能会产生严重的副作用(性能下降和死锁)。

因此，最佳实践是既不使用synchronized修饰符，也不使用synchronized(…)表达式作为锁对象，而是使用该对象的私有锁对象。例如:

public class MyService {
    private final lock = new Object();

    public void doThis() {
       synchronized(lock) {
          // do code that requires synchronous execution
        }
    }

    public void doThat() {
       synchronized(lock) {
          // do code that requires synchronous execution
        }
    }
}

您也可以使用多个锁对象，但是需要特别注意，以确保在嵌套使用时不会导致死锁。

public class MyService {
    private final lock1 = new Object();
    private final lock2 = new Object();

    public void doThis() {
       synchronized(lock1) {
          synchronized(lock2) {
              // code here is guaranteed not to be executes at the same time
              // as the synchronized code in doThat() and doMore().
          }
    }

    public void doThat() {
       synchronized(lock1) {
              // code here is guaranteed not to be executes at the same time
              // as the synchronized code in doThis().
              // doMore() may execute concurrently
        }
    }

    public void doMore() {
       synchronized(lock2) {
              // code here is guaranteed not to be executes at the same time
              // as the synchronized code in doThis().
              // doThat() may execute concurrently
        }
    }
}

As already said here synchronized block can use user-defined variable as lock object, when synchronized function uses only "this". And of course you can manipulate with areas of your function which should be synchronized. But everyone says that no difference between synchronized function and block which covers whole function using "this" as lock object. That is not true, difference is in byte code which will be generated in both situations. In case of synchronized block usage should be allocated local variable which holds reference to "this". And as result we will have a little bit larger size for function (not relevant if you have only few number of functions).

你可以在这里找到更详细的解释: http://www.artima.com/insidejvm/ed2/threadsynchP.html