我正在查看代理模式，对我来说，它看起来非常像装饰器、适配器和桥接模式。我是不是误解了什么?有什么不同?为什么我要使用代理模式而不是其他模式?在过去的实际项目中，您是如何使用它们的?
当前回答
我想为Bill Karwing的回答补充一些例子(顺便说一句，这很好)。 我还补充了一些执行上的关键差异，我觉得这是我所缺失的
引用部分来自[https://stackoverflow.com/a/350471/1984346] (Bill Karwing)的回答
代理、装饰器、适配器和桥接器都是“包装”类的变体。 但它们的用途不同。 当您希望延迟实例化对象时，可以使用代理 隐藏您正在调用远程服务或控制访问的事实 对物体。
ProxyClass和被代理的ObjectClass应该实现相同的接口，因此它们是可交换的
示例- proxy昂贵对象
class ProxyHumanGenome implements GenomeInterface {
private $humanGenome = NULL;
// humanGenome class is not instantiated at construct time
function __construct() {
}
function getGenomeCount() {
if (NULL == $this->humanGenome) {
$this->instantiateGenomeClass();
}
return $this->humanGenome->getGenomeCount();
}
}
class HumanGenome implement GenomeInterface { ... }
Decorator也称为“智能代理”。这是在你需要的时候使用的 向一个对象添加功能，但不是通过扩展该对象的功能 类型。这允许您在运行时这样做。
DecoratorClass应该(可以)实现ObjectClass的扩展接口。所以ObjectClass可以被DecoratorClass替换，反之则不行。
示例-添加附加功能
class DecoratorHumanGenome implements CheckGenomeInterface {
// ... same code as previous example
// added functionality
public function isComplete() {
$this->humanGenome->getCount >= 21000
}
}
interface CheckGenomeInterface extends GenomeInterface {
public function isComplete();
}
class HumanGenome implement GenomeInterface { ... }
适配器用于当您有一个抽象接口，并且您想要 将该接口映射到具有类似功能的另一个对象 角色，但是不同的接口。
实现差异代理，装饰器，适配器
Adapter为其主题提供了不同的接口。Proxy提供相同的接口。Decorator提供了增强的接口。
Bridge is very similar to Adapter, but we call it Bridge when you define both the abstract interface and the underlying implementation. I.e. you're not adapting to some legacy or third-party code, you're the designer of all the code but you need to be able to swap out different implementations. Facade is a higher-level (read: simpler) interface to a subsystem of one or more classes. Suppose you have a complex concept that requires multiple objects to represent. Making changes to that set of objects is confusing, because you don't always know which object has the method you need to call. That's the time to write a Facade that provides high-level methods for all the complex operations you can do to the collection of objects. Example: a Domain Model for a school section, with methods like countStudents(), reportAttendance(), assignSubstituteTeacher(), and so on.
这个答案中的大部分信息来自https://sourcemaking.com/design_patterns，我推荐它作为设计模式的优秀资源。
其他回答
我想为Bill Karwing的回答补充一些例子(顺便说一句，这很好)。 我还补充了一些执行上的关键差异，我觉得这是我所缺失的
引用部分来自[https://stackoverflow.com/a/350471/1984346] (Bill Karwing)的回答
代理、装饰器、适配器和桥接器都是“包装”类的变体。 但它们的用途不同。 当您希望延迟实例化对象时，可以使用代理 隐藏您正在调用远程服务或控制访问的事实 对物体。
ProxyClass和被代理的ObjectClass应该实现相同的接口，因此它们是可交换的
示例- proxy昂贵对象
class ProxyHumanGenome implements GenomeInterface {
private $humanGenome = NULL;
// humanGenome class is not instantiated at construct time
function __construct() {
}
function getGenomeCount() {
if (NULL == $this->humanGenome) {
$this->instantiateGenomeClass();
}
return $this->humanGenome->getGenomeCount();
}
}
class HumanGenome implement GenomeInterface { ... }
Decorator也称为“智能代理”。这是在你需要的时候使用的 向一个对象添加功能，但不是通过扩展该对象的功能 类型。这允许您在运行时这样做。
DecoratorClass应该(可以)实现ObjectClass的扩展接口。所以ObjectClass可以被DecoratorClass替换，反之则不行。
示例-添加附加功能
class DecoratorHumanGenome implements CheckGenomeInterface {
// ... same code as previous example
// added functionality
public function isComplete() {
$this->humanGenome->getCount >= 21000
}
}
interface CheckGenomeInterface extends GenomeInterface {
public function isComplete();
}
class HumanGenome implement GenomeInterface { ... }
适配器用于当您有一个抽象接口，并且您想要 将该接口映射到具有类似功能的另一个对象 角色，但是不同的接口。
实现差异代理，装饰器，适配器
Adapter为其主题提供了不同的接口。Proxy提供相同的接口。Decorator提供了增强的接口。
Bridge is very similar to Adapter, but we call it Bridge when you define both the abstract interface and the underlying implementation. I.e. you're not adapting to some legacy or third-party code, you're the designer of all the code but you need to be able to swap out different implementations. Facade is a higher-level (read: simpler) interface to a subsystem of one or more classes. Suppose you have a complex concept that requires multiple objects to represent. Making changes to that set of objects is confusing, because you don't always know which object has the method you need to call. That's the time to write a Facade that provides high-level methods for all the complex operations you can do to the collection of objects. Example: a Domain Model for a school section, with methods like countStudents(), reportAttendance(), assignSubstituteTeacher(), and so on.
这个答案中的大部分信息来自https://sourcemaking.com/design_patterns，我推荐它作为设计模式的优秀资源。
正如Bill的回答所说，它们的用例是不同的。
它们的结构也是如此。
Proxy and Decorator both have the same interface as their wrapped types, but the proxy creates an instance under the hood, whereas the decorator takes an instance in the constructor. Adapter and Facade both have a different interface than what they wrap. But the adapter derives from an existing interface, whereas the facade creates a new interface. Bridge and Adapter both point at an existing type. But the bridge will point at an abstract type, and the adapter might point to a concrete type. The bridge will allow you to pair the implementation at runtime, whereas the adapter usually won't.
我相信代码会给出一个清晰的想法(补充其他答案)。请参见下面，(关注类实现和包装的类型)
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace TestConsole
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
/* Proxy */
Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
Console.WriteLine("PROXY");
Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
//instead of creating here create using a factory method, the facory method will return the proxy
IReal realProxy = new RealProxy();
Console.WriteLine("calling do work with the proxy object ");
realProxy.DoWork();
Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
Console.WriteLine("ADAPTER");
Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
/*Adapter*/
IInHand objectIHave = new InHand();
Api myApi = new Api();
//myApi.SomeApi(objectIHave); /*I cant do this, use a adapter then */
IActual myAdaptedObject = new ActualAdapterForInHand(objectIHave);
Console.WriteLine("calling api with my adapted obj");
myApi.SomeApi(myAdaptedObject);
Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
Console.WriteLine("DECORATOR");
Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
/*Decorator*/
IReady maleReady = new Male();
Console.WriteLine("now male is going to get ready himself");
maleReady.GetReady();
Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
IReady femaleReady = new Female();
Console.WriteLine("now female is going to get ready her self");
femaleReady.GetReady();
Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
IReady maleReadyByBeautician = new Beautician(maleReady);
Console.WriteLine("now male is going to get ready by beautician");
maleReadyByBeautician.GetReady();
Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
IReady femaleReadyByBeautician = new Beautician(femaleReady);
Console.WriteLine("now female is going to get ready by beautician");
femaleReadyByBeautician.GetReady();
Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
/*Proxy*/
public interface IReal
{
void DoWork();
}
public class Real : IReal
{
public void DoWork()
{
Console.WriteLine("real is doing work ");
}
}
public class RealProxy : IReal
{
IReal real = new Real();
public void DoWork()
{
real.DoWork();
}
}
/*Adapter*/
public interface IActual
{
void DoWork();
}
public class Api
{
public void SomeApi(IActual actual)
{
actual.DoWork();
}
}
public interface IInHand
{
void DoWorkDifferently();
}
public class InHand : IInHand
{
public void DoWorkDifferently()
{
Console.WriteLine("doing work slightly different ");
}
}
public class ActualAdapterForInHand : IActual
{
IInHand hand = null;
public ActualAdapterForInHand()
{
hand = new InHand();
}
public ActualAdapterForInHand(IInHand hnd)
{
hand = hnd;
}
public void DoWork()
{
hand.DoWorkDifferently();
}
}
/*Decorator*/
public interface IReady
{
void GetReady();
}
public class Male : IReady
{
public void GetReady()
{
Console.WriteLine("Taking bath.. ");
Console.WriteLine("Dress up....");
}
}
public class Female : IReady
{
public void GetReady()
{
Console.WriteLine("Taking bath.. ");
Console.WriteLine("Dress up....");
Console.WriteLine("Make up....");
}
}
//this is a decorator
public class Beautician : IReady
{
IReady ready = null;
public Beautician(IReady rdy)
{
ready = rdy;
}
public void GetReady()
{
ready.GetReady();
Console.WriteLine("Style hair ");
if (ready is Female)
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine("doing ready process " + i);
}
}
}
}
}
所有这四种模式都涉及到用外部对象/类包装内部对象/类，因此它们在结构上非常相似。我将通过目的来概述不同之处:
代理将访问从外部封装到内部。 装饰器用外部修改或扩展内部的行为。 适配器转换接口从内部到外部。 桥将行为的不变部分(外部)与变量或平台依赖部分(内部)分开。
通过内外物体之间的界面变化:
在代理接口中是相同的。 在Decorator接口中是相同的。 在适配器接口形式上不同，但实现相同的目的。 桥接接口在概念上是不同的。
代理、装饰器、适配器和桥接器都是“包装”类的变体。但它们的用途不同。
Proxy could be used when you want to lazy-instantiate an object, or hide the fact that you're calling a remote service, or control access to the object. Decorator is also called "Smart Proxy." This is used when you want to add functionality to an object, but not by extending that object's type. This allows you to do so at runtime. Adapter is used when you have an abstract interface, and you want to map that interface to another object which has similar functional role, but a different interface. Bridge is very similar to Adapter, but we call it Bridge when you define both the abstract interface and the underlying implementation. I.e. you're not adapting to some legacy or third-party code, you're the designer of all the code but you need to be able to swap out different implementations. Facade is a higher-level (read: simpler) interface to a subsystem of one or more classes. Suppose you have a complex concept that requires multiple objects to represent. Making changes to that set of objects is confusing, because you don't always know which object has the method you need to call. That's the time to write a Facade that provides high-level methods for all the complex operations you can do to the collection of objects. Example: a Domain Model for a school section, with methods like countStudents(), reportAttendance(), assignSubstituteTeacher(), and so on.
