我发现有一件事很有用(我现在正在做，尽管没有达到你所面临的规模)，那就是将方法提取为类(方法对象重构)。不同版本中不同的方法将成为不同的类，这些类可以被注入到公共库中，以提供您所需的不同行为。

在我看来，您现在面临的是一堆代码异味。首先，主类似乎违反了开/闭原则。这听起来也像是承担了太多责任。因此，我认为代码比实际需要的更加脆弱。

虽然我可以理解您对重构后可跟踪性的担忧，但我认为该类相当难以维护和增强，而且您所做的任何更改都可能导致副作用。我假设这些的成本超过了重构类的成本。

在任何情况下，由于代码气味只会随着时间的推移而变得更糟，至少在某些时候，这些成本将超过重构的成本。根据你的描述，我认为你已经过了临界点。

重构应该分小步骤进行。如果可能的话，在重构任何东西之前添加自动测试来验证当前行为。然后挑选出独立功能的小区域，并将其提取为类型，以便委派职责。

无论如何，这听起来像是一个大项目，所以祝你好运:)

我不知道这是否解决了您的问题，但我猜您想要做的是将文件的内容迁移到彼此独立的更小的文件中(合计)。 我还了解到，你有大约10个不同版本的软件，你需要在不搞砸的情况下支持它们。

首先，这是不可能的简单，将解决自己在几分钟的头脑风暴。文件中链接的函数对应用程序都非常重要，简单地将它们删除并迁移到其他文件中并不能解决问题。

我认为你只有这些选择:

Don't migrate and stay with what you have. Possibly quit your job and start working on serious software with good design in addition. Extreme programming is not always the best solution if you are working on a long time project with enough funds to survive a crash or two. Work out a layout of how you would love your file to look once it's split up. Create the necessary files and integrate them in your application. Rename the functions or overload them to take an additional parameter (maybe just a simple boolean?). Once you have to work on your code, migrate the functions you need to work on to the new file and map the function calls of the old functions to the new functions. You should still have your main-file this way, and still be able to see the changes that were made to it, once it comes to a specific function you know exactly when it was outsourced and so on. Try to convince your co-workers with some good cake that workflow is overrated and that you need to rewrite some parts of the application in order to do serious business.

Find some code in the file which is relatively stable (not changing fast, and doesn't vary much between branches) and could stand as an independent unit. Move this into its own file, and for that matter into its own class, in all branches. Because it's stable, this won't cause (many) "awkward" merges that have to be applied to a different file from the one they were originally made on, when you merge the change from one branch to another. Repeat. Find some code in the file which basically only applies to a small number of branches, and could stand alone. Doesn't matter whether it's changing fast or not, because of the small number of branches. Move this into its own classes and files. Repeat.

因此，我们去掉了到处都一样的代码，以及特定于某些分支的代码。

This leaves you with a nucleus of badly-managed code - it's needed everywhere, but it's different in every branch (and/or it changes constantly so that some branches are running behind others), and yet it's in a single file that you're unsuccessfully trying to merge between branches. Stop doing that. Branch the file permanently, perhaps by renaming it in each branch. It's not "main" any more, it's "main for configuration X". OK, so you lose the ability to apply the same change to multiple branches by merging, but this is in any case the core of code where merging doesn't work very well. If you're having to manually manage the merges anyway to deal with conflicts, then it's no loss to manually apply them independently on each branch.

我认为你说这种SCC无关紧要是错误的，因为例如git的合并能力可能比你正在使用的合并工具更好。因此，核心问题“合并困难”发生在不同scc的不同时期。但是，您不太可能更改scc，因此这个问题可能无关紧要。

我的0.05欧分:

重新设计整个混乱的系统，考虑到技术和业务需求，将其拆分为子系统(=许多并行维护轨道，每个并行维护轨道的代码库可能不同，显然需要高可修改性等等)。

在划分子系统时，分析变化最大的地方，并将其与不变的部分分开。这应该会显示出问题所在。将最易变化的部分分离到它们自己的模块中(例如dll)，这样模块API就可以保持完整，而不需要一直破坏BC。这样，如果需要，您可以为不同的维护分支部署不同版本的模块，同时保持核心不变。

重新设计很可能需要一个单独的项目，试图做一个移动的目标是行不通的。

至于源代码历史，我的意见是:为了新代码忘掉它吧。但是请将历史记录保存在某个地方，以便在需要时进行检查。我打赌你开始之后就不那么需要它了。

对于这个项目，您很可能需要得到管理层的支持。你可以用更快的开发时间、更少的bug、更容易的维护和更少的混乱来反驳。类似于“积极地使我们的关键软件资产具有未来的可靠性和维护可行性”:)

至少这是我开始解决问题的方式。

我的同情-在我以前的工作中，我遇到过类似的情况，一个文件比你必须处理的文件大几倍。解决方案是:

编写代码详尽地测试程序中的函数。听起来你还没有掌握这个… 确定一些可以抽象为帮助器/实用程序类的代码。不需要很大，只是一些不是你的“主要”类的真正一部分。 重构2中确定的代码。进入一个单独的班级。 重新运行测试，以确保没有损坏。 当你有时间的时候，去2。并根据需要重复以使代码易于管理。

在第3步中构建的类。迭代可能会增加以吸收更多适合于新清除的函数的代码。

我还可以补充:

0:购买Michael Feathers关于使用遗留代码的书

不幸的是，这种类型的工作太常见了，但我的经验是，在保持工作的同时，能够使工作但可怕的代码逐渐变得不那么可怕是有很大价值的。