试试这个小例子，感受一下ThreadLocal变量:

public class Book implements Runnable {
    private static final ThreadLocal<List<String>> WORDS = ThreadLocal.withInitial(ArrayList::new);

    private final String bookName; // It is also the thread's name
    private final List<String> words;


    public Book(String bookName, List<String> words) {
        this.bookName = bookName;
        this.words = Collections.unmodifiableList(words);
    }

    public void run() {
        WORDS.get().addAll(words);
        System.out.printf("Result %s: '%s'.%n", bookName, String.join(", ", WORDS.get()));
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Thread t1 = new Thread(new Book("BookA", Arrays.asList("wordA1", "wordA2", "wordA3")));
        Thread t2 = new Thread(new Book("BookB", Arrays.asList("wordB1", "wordB2")));
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }
}

控制台输出，如果线程BookA先执行: 结果BookA: 'wordA1, wordA2, wordA3'。 结果BookB: 'wordB1, wordB2'。 控制台输出，如果先执行线程BookB: 结果BookB: 'wordB1, wordB2'。 结果BookA: 'wordA1, wordA2, wordA3'。

ThreadLocal in Java had been introduced on JDK 1.2 but was later generified in JDK 1.5 to introduce type safety on ThreadLocal variable. ThreadLocal can be associated with Thread scope, all the code which is executed by Thread has access to ThreadLocal variables but two thread can not see each others ThreadLocal variable. Each thread holds an exclusive copy of ThreadLocal variable which becomes eligible to Garbage collection after thread finished or died, normally or due to any Exception, Given those ThreadLocal variable doesn't have any other live references. ThreadLocal variables in Java are generally private static fields in Classes and maintain its state inside Thread.

阅读更多:Java示例程序和教程中的ThreadLocal

Many frameworks use ThreadLocals to maintain some context related to the current thread. For example when the current transaction is stored in a ThreadLocal, you don't need to pass it as a parameter through every method call, in case someone down the stack needs access to it. Web applications might store information about the current request and session in a ThreadLocal, so that the application has easy access to them. With Guice you can use ThreadLocals when implementing custom scopes for the injected objects (Guice's default servlet scopes most probably use them as well).

ThreadLocals are one sort of global variables (although slightly less evil because they are restricted to one thread), so you should be careful when using them to avoid unwanted side-effects and memory leaks. Design your APIs so that the ThreadLocal values will always be automatically cleared when they are not needed anymore and that incorrect use of the API won't be possible (for example like this). ThreadLocals can be used to make the code cleaner, and in some rare cases they are the only way to make something work (my current project had two such cases; they are documented here under "Static Fields and Global Variables").

ThreadLocal是JVM专门提供的功能，仅为线程提供隔离的存储空间。与实例作用域变量的值一样，变量只能绑定到类的给定实例。每个对象都有其唯一的值，它们不能看到彼此的值。ThreadLocal变量的概念也是如此，在对象实例的意义上，它们是线程的本地线程，除了创建它的线程之外，其他线程看不到它。在这里看到的

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;


public class ThreadId {
private static final AtomicInteger nextId = new AtomicInteger(1000);

// Thread local variable containing each thread's ID
private static final ThreadLocal<Integer> threadId = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> nextId.getAndIncrement());


// Returns the current thread's unique ID, assigning it if necessary
public static int get() {
    return threadId.get();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

    new Thread(() -> IntStream.range(1, 3).forEach(i -> {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " >> " + new ThreadId().get());
    })).start();

    new Thread(() -> IntStream.range(1, 3).forEach(i -> {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " >> " + new ThreadId().get());
    })).start();

    new Thread(() -> IntStream.range(1, 3).forEach(i -> {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " >> " + new ThreadId().get());
    })).start();

}
}

可以使用threadlocal变量的两个用例- 1-当我们需要将状态与线程关联时(例如，用户ID或事务ID)。这通常发生在web应用程序中，每个发送到servlet的请求都有一个与之关联的唯一transactionID。

// This class will provide a thread local variable which
// will provide a unique ID for each thread
class ThreadId {
    // Atomic integer containing the next thread ID to be assigned
    private static final AtomicInteger nextId = new AtomicInteger(0);

    // Thread local variable containing each thread's ID
    private static final ThreadLocal<Integer> threadId =
        ThreadLocal.<Integer>withInitial(()-> {return nextId.getAndIncrement();});

    // Returns the current thread's unique ID, assigning it if necessary
    public static int get() {
        return threadId.get();
    }
}

注意，这里的withInitial方法是使用lambda表达式实现的。 2-另一个用例是当我们想要一个线程安全的实例时，我们不想使用同步，因为同步的性能成本更高。其中一种情况是使用SimpleDateFormat。由于SimpleDateFormat不是线程安全的，所以我们必须提供机制使其线程安全。

public class ThreadLocalDemo1 implements Runnable {
    // threadlocal variable is created
    private static final ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> dateFormat = new ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat>(){
        @Override
        protected SimpleDateFormat initialValue(){
            System.out.println("Initializing SimpleDateFormat for - " + Thread.currentThread().getName() );
            return new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy");
        }
    };

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadLocalDemo1 td = new ThreadLocalDemo1();
        // Two threads are created
        Thread t1 = new Thread(td, "Thread-1");
        Thread t2 = new Thread(td, "Thread-2");
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println("Thread run execution started for " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
        System.out.println("Date formatter pattern is  " + dateFormat.get().toPattern());
        System.out.println("Formatted date is " + dateFormat.get().format(new Date()));
    } 

}

第一个用例——每个线程上下文，提供线程安全性和性能 SpringFramework类中的实时示例-

LocaleContextHolder TransactionContextHolder RequestContextHolder DateTimeContextHolder

第二个用例——当我们不想在线程之间共享一些东西，同时由于性能成本而不想使用同步/锁定时 SimpleDateFormat为日期创建自定义格式

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * @author - GreenLearner(https://www.youtube.com/c/greenlearner)
 */
public class ThreadLocalDemo1 {
    SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("dd-mm-yyyy");//not thread safe
    ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> tdl1 = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-dd-mm"));

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadLocalDemo1 d1 = new ThreadLocalDemo1();

        ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);

        for(int i=0; i<100; i++) {
            es.submit(() -> System.out.println(d1.getDate(new Date())));
        }
        es.shutdown();
    }

    String getDate(Date date){

//        String s = tsdf.get().format(date);
        String s1 = tdl1.get().format(date);
        return s1;
    }
}

使用技巧

尽可能使用局部变量。这样我们就可以避免使用ThreadLocal 尽可能地将功能委托给框架 如果使用ThreadLocal并将状态设置在其中，请确保在使用后清理它，否则它可能成为OutOfMemoryError的主要原因