As an addition to other answers, unix considers everything as a file system. Your keyboard is a file that is read only from the perspective of the kernel. The screen is a write only file. Similarly, folders, input-output devices etc are also considered to be files. Whenever a file is opened, say when the device drivers[for device files] requests an open(), or a process opens an user file the kernel allocates a file descriptor, an integer that specifies the access to that file such it being read only, write only etc. [for reference : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_is_a_file ]

我不知道内核代码，但我将在这里补充我的意见，因为我已经思考了一段时间，我认为这将是有用的。

当您打开一个文件时，内核返回一个文件描述符来与该文件进行交互。

文件描述符是您正在打开的文件的API的实现。内核创建这个文件描述符，将其存储在一个数组中，并将其提供给您。

例如，该API需要一个允许您读取和写入文件的实现。

现在，再想想我说过的话，记住所有东西都是文件——打印机、监视器、HTTP连接等等。

这是我阅读https://www.bottomupcs.com/file_descriptors.xhtml后的总结。

In simple words, when you open a file, the operating system creates an entry to represent that file and store the information about that opened file. So if there are 100 files opened in your OS then there will be 100 entries in OS (somewhere in kernel). These entries are represented by integers like (...100, 101, 102....). This entry number is the file descriptor. So it is just an integer number that uniquely represents an opened file for the process. If your process opens 10 files then your Process table will have 10 entries for file descriptors.

类似地，当您打开一个网络套接字时，它也由一个整数表示，称为套接字描述符。 我希望你能理解。

这里提供的所有答案都很棒，这是我的版本

文件描述符是非负整数，充当“文件”或I/O资源(如管道、套接字或数据流)的抽象句柄。这些描述符帮助我们与这些I/O资源进行交互，并使使用它们变得非常容易。I/O系统对于用户进程来说是一个字节流(I/O流)。Unix进程使用描述符(小的无符号整数)来引用I/O流。与I/O操作相关的系统调用以一个描述符作为参数。

有效的文件描述符范围从0到可配置的最大描述符数(ulimit， /proc/sys/fs/file-max)。内核为FD表的std输入(0)，std输出(1)和std错误(2)分配desc.。如果文件打开失败，fd返回-1。

当进程成功请求打开一个文件时，内核返回一个文件描述符，该描述符指向内核全局文件表中的一个条目。文件表项包含文件的inode、字节偏移量和该数据流的访问限制(只读、只写等)等信息。

文件描述符只是任何开放资源的引用。只要您打开一个资源，内核就假定您将对其进行一些操作。所有通过程序和资源的通信都发生在一个接口上，这个接口由文件描述符提供。

由于一个进程可以打开多个资源，所以一个资源可能有多个文件描述符。 你可以通过简单地运行， Ls -li /proc/<pid>/fd/这里的pid是进程的进程id

As an addition to other answers, unix considers everything as a file system. Your keyboard is a file that is read only from the perspective of the kernel. The screen is a write only file. Similarly, folders, input-output devices etc are also considered to be files. Whenever a file is opened, say when the device drivers[for device files] requests an open(), or a process opens an user file the kernel allocates a file descriptor, an integer that specifies the access to that file such it being read only, write only etc. [for reference : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_is_a_file ]