不了解数据库并发模型以及它如何影响开发。事后添加索引和调整查询很容易。然而，应用程序的设计没有适当考虑热点，资源争用 和正确的操作(假设您刚刚阅读的内容仍然有效!)可能需要在数据库和应用层中进行重大更改，以便稍后纠正。

不了解DBMS的工作原理。

如果不了解离合器的工作原理，你就不能正确地驾驶变速杆。如果不了解实际上只是在硬盘上写入文件，就无法理解如何使用数据库。

具体地说:

Do you know what a Clustered Index is? Did you think about it when you designed your schema? Do you know how to use indexes properly? How to reuse an index? Do you know what a Covering Index is? So great, you have indexes. How big is 1 row in your index? How big will the index be when you have a lot of data? Will that fit easily into memory? If it won't it's useless as an index. Have you ever used EXPLAIN in MySQL? Great. Now be honest with yourself: Did you understand even half of what you saw? No, you probably didn't. Fix that. Do you understand the Query Cache? Do you know what makes a query un-cachable? Are you using MyISAM? If you NEED full text search, MyISAM's is crap anyway. Use Sphinx. Then switch to Inno.

第一个问题?他们只在玩具数据库上测试。因此，他们不知道当数据库变大时，他们的SQL将会爬行，并且稍后必须有人来修复它(您可以听到的声音是我咬牙切齿的声音)。

使用Access而不是“真正的”数据库。有很多很棒的小型甚至免费的数据库，比如SQL Express、MySQL和SQLite，它们可以更好地工作和扩展。应用程序通常需要以意想不到的方式进行扩展。

这之前已经说过了，但是:索引，索引，还是索引。我见过许多性能不佳的企业web应用程序，它们通过简单地进行一些分析(查看哪些表被频繁访问)，然后在这些表上添加索引来解决问题。这甚至不需要太多的SQL编写知识，而且回报是巨大的。

Avoid data duplication like the plague. Some people advocate that a little duplication won't hurt, and will improve performance. Hey, I'm not saying that you have to torture your schema into Third Normal Form, until it's so abstract that not even the DBA's know what's going on. Just understand that whenever you duplicate a set of names, or zipcodes, or shipping codes, the copies WILL fall out of synch with each other eventually. It WILL happen. And then you'll be kicking yourself as you run the weekly maintenance script.

最后:使用清晰、一致、直观的命名约定。与一段编写良好的代码应该是可读的一样，一个好的SQL模式或查询应该是可读的，并且实际上告诉您它在做什么，甚至没有注释。六个月后，当你不得不对桌子进行维护时，你会感谢自己的。“选择account_number, billing_date FROM national_accounts”比“选择ACCNTNBR, BILLDAT FROM NTNLACCTS”更容易使用。

因为“它太神奇了”或“不在我的数据库中”这样的原因，而放弃像Hibernate这样的ORM。 过度依赖像Hibernate这样的ORM，并试图将它硬塞到不合适的地方。