有一件事我想补充，学习使用分析函数，如分区BY, RANK, DENSE_RANK (Oracle)。它们对于复杂的查询是绝对必要的。

其他建议是，如果可能的话，在您的开发团队中有一个专门的数据库开发人员，他应该是SQL、数据库建模、调优等方面的专家(但不是DBA)。这种技能是一笔巨大的财富。

没有做正确的标准化。您希望确保数据没有重复，并且根据需要将数据分割为不同的数据。您还需要确保不要过于遵循规范化，否则会损害性能。

不使用参数化查询。它们在停止SQL注入时非常方便。

这是一个不消毒输入数据的具体例子，在另一个回答中提到过。

当查询在您的开发机器上运行得如此之快时，一旦您向应用程序抛出一些流量，查询就会崩溃并阻塞，这要归咎于db引擎。

开发人员所犯的关键数据库设计和编程错误

Selfish database design and usage. Developers often treat the database as their personal persistent object store without considering the needs of other stakeholders in the data. This also applies to application architects. Poor database design and data integrity makes it hard for third parties working with the data and can substantially increase the system's life cycle costs. Reporting and MIS tends to be a poor cousin in application design and only done as an afterthought. Abusing denormalised data. Overdoing denormalised data and trying to maintain it within the application is a recipe for data integrity issues. Use denormalisation sparingly. Not wanting to add a join to a query is not an excuse for denormalising. Scared of writing SQL. SQL isn't rocket science and is actually quite good at doing its job. O/R mapping layers are quite good at doing the 95% of queries that are simple and fit well into that model. Sometimes SQL is the best way to do the job. Dogmatic 'No Stored Procedures' policies. Regardless of whether you believe stored procedures are evil, this sort of dogmatic attitude has no place on a software project. Not understanding database design. Normalisation is your friend and it's not rocket science. Joining and cardinality are fairly simple concepts - if you're involved in database application development there's really no excuse for not understanding them.

许多开发人员倾向于对数据库执行多个查询(通常查询一个或两个表)，提取结果并在java/c/c++中执行简单的操作——所有这些都可以用一条SQL语句完成。

许多开发人员通常没有意识到，在开发环境中，数据库和应用程序服务器在他们的笔记本电脑上——但在生产环境中，数据库和应用程序服务器将在不同的机器上。因此，对于每个查询，在应用程序服务器和数据库服务器之间传递的数据都有额外的n/w开销。我惊奇地发现，为了向用户呈现一个页面，应用程序服务器对数据库服务器进行了大量的数据库调用!