NSString * path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"filename" ofType:@"jpg"];
UIImage * img = [[UIImage alloc]initWithContentsOfFile:path];
CGImageRef image = [img CGImage];
CFDataRef data = CGDataProviderCopyData(CGImageGetDataProvider(image));
const unsigned char * buffer =  CFDataGetBytePtr(data);

一种方法是将图像绘制到一个位图上下文中，这个位图上下文由给定的缓冲区支持，用于给定的颜色空间(在这种情况下是RGB):(注意，这将把图像数据复制到该缓冲区中，所以你想要缓存它，而不是每次你需要获取像素值时都做这个操作)

请看下面的例子:

// First get the image into your data buffer
CGImageRef image = [myUIImage CGImage];
NSUInteger width = CGImageGetWidth(image);
NSUInteger height = CGImageGetHeight(image);
CGColorSpaceRef colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceRGB();
unsigned char *rawData = malloc(height * width * 4);
NSUInteger bytesPerPixel = 4;
NSUInteger bytesPerRow = bytesPerPixel * width;
NSUInteger bitsPerComponent = 8;
CGContextRef context = CGBitmapContextCreate(rawData, width, height, bitsPerComponent, bytesPerRow, colorSpace, kCGImageAlphaPremultipliedLast | kCGBitmapByteOrder32Big);
CGColorSpaceRelease(colorSpace);

CGContextDrawImage(context, CGRectMake(0, 0, width, height));
CGContextRelease(context);

// Now your rawData contains the image data in the RGBA8888 pixel format.
int byteIndex = (bytesPerRow * yy) + xx * bytesPerPixel;
red = rawData[byteIndex];
green = rawData[byteIndex + 1];
blue = rawData[byteIndex + 2];
alpha = rawData[byteIndex + 3];

NSString * path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"filename" ofType:@"jpg"];
UIImage * img = [[UIImage alloc]initWithContentsOfFile:path];
CGImageRef image = [img CGImage];
CFDataRef data = CGDataProviderCopyData(CGImageGetDataProvider(image));
const unsigned char * buffer =  CFDataGetBytePtr(data);

基于Olie和Algal的回答，以下是Swift 3的最新答案

public func getRGBAs(fromImage image: UIImage, x: Int, y: Int, count: Int) -> [UIColor] {

var result = [UIColor]()

// First get the image into your data buffer
guard let cgImage = image.cgImage else {
    print("CGContext creation failed")
    return []
}

let width = cgImage.width
let height = cgImage.height
let colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceRGB()
let rawdata = calloc(height*width*4, MemoryLayout<CUnsignedChar>.size)
let bytesPerPixel = 4
let bytesPerRow = bytesPerPixel * width
let bitsPerComponent = 8
let bitmapInfo: UInt32 = CGImageAlphaInfo.premultipliedLast.rawValue | CGBitmapInfo.byteOrder32Big.rawValue

guard let context = CGContext(data: rawdata, width: width, height: height, bitsPerComponent: bitsPerComponent, bytesPerRow: bytesPerRow, space: colorSpace, bitmapInfo: bitmapInfo) else {
    print("CGContext creation failed")
    return result
}

context.draw(cgImage, in: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: width, height: height))

// Now your rawData contains the image data in the RGBA8888 pixel format.
var byteIndex = bytesPerRow * y + bytesPerPixel * x

for _ in 0..<count {
    let alpha = CGFloat(rawdata!.load(fromByteOffset: byteIndex + 3, as: UInt8.self)) / 255.0
    let red = CGFloat(rawdata!.load(fromByteOffset: byteIndex, as: UInt8.self)) / alpha
    let green = CGFloat(rawdata!.load(fromByteOffset: byteIndex + 1, as: UInt8.self)) / alpha
    let blue = CGFloat(rawdata!.load(fromByteOffset: byteIndex + 2, as: UInt8.self)) / alpha
    byteIndex += bytesPerPixel

    let aColor = UIColor(red: red, green: green, blue: blue, alpha: alpha)
    result.append(aColor)
}

free(rawdata)

return result
}

斯威夫特

要在Swift 5中访问UIImage的原始RGB值，请使用底层CGImage及其dataProvider:

import UIKit

let image = UIImage(named: "example.png")!

guard let cgImage = image.cgImage,
    let data = cgImage.dataProvider?.data,
    let bytes = CFDataGetBytePtr(data) else {
    fatalError("Couldn't access image data")
}
assert(cgImage.colorSpace?.model == .rgb)

let bytesPerPixel = cgImage.bitsPerPixel / cgImage.bitsPerComponent
for y in 0 ..< cgImage.height {
    for x in 0 ..< cgImage.width {
        let offset = (y * cgImage.bytesPerRow) + (x * bytesPerPixel)
        let components = (r: bytes[offset], g: bytes[offset + 1], b: bytes[offset + 2])
        print("[x:\(x), y:\(y)] \(components)")
    }
    print("---")
}

https://www.ralfebert.de/ios/examples/image-processing/uiimage-raw-pixels/

Apple的技术问答QA1509展示了以下简单的方法:

CFDataRef CopyImagePixels(CGImageRef inImage)
{
    return CGDataProviderCopyData(CGImageGetDataProvider(inImage));
}

使用CFDataGetBytePtr来获得实际的字节(以及各种CGImageGet*方法来理解如何解释它们)。