我经常听到很多关于c++中的函子。谁能给我一个概述，他们是什么，在什么情况下他们会有用?
当前回答
如上所述，函子是可以被视为函数的类(重载操作符())。
在需要将某些数据与对函数的重复或延迟调用相关联的情况下，它们非常有用。
例如，函子链表可用于实现基本的低开销同步协程系统、任务分派器或可中断文件解析。 例子:
/* prints "this is a very simple and poorly used task queue" */
class Functor
{
public:
std::string output;
Functor(const std::string& out): output(out){}
operator()() const
{
std::cout << output << " ";
}
};
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
std::list<Functor> taskQueue;
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("this"));
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("is a"));
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("very simple"));
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("and poorly used"));
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("task queue"));
for(std::list<Functor>::iterator it = taskQueue.begin();
it != taskQueue.end(); ++it)
{
*it();
}
return 0;
}
/* prints the value stored in "i", then asks you if you want to increment it */
int i;
bool should_increment;
int doSomeWork()
{
std::cout << "i = " << i << std::endl;
std::cout << "increment? (enter the number 1 to increment, 0 otherwise" << std::endl;
std::cin >> should_increment;
return 2;
}
void doSensitiveWork()
{
++i;
should_increment = false;
}
class BaseCoroutine
{
public:
BaseCoroutine(int stat): status(stat), waiting(false){}
void operator()(){ status = perform(); }
int getStatus() const { return status; }
protected:
int status;
bool waiting;
virtual int perform() = 0;
bool await_status(BaseCoroutine& other, int stat, int change)
{
if(!waiting)
{
waiting = true;
}
if(other.getStatus() == stat)
{
status = change;
waiting = false;
}
return !waiting;
}
}
class MyCoroutine1: public BaseCoroutine
{
public:
MyCoroutine1(BaseCoroutine& other): BaseCoroutine(1), partner(other){}
protected:
BaseCoroutine& partner;
virtual int perform()
{
if(getStatus() == 1)
return doSomeWork();
if(getStatus() == 2)
{
if(await_status(partner, 1))
return 1;
else if(i == 100)
return 0;
else
return 2;
}
}
};
class MyCoroutine2: public BaseCoroutine
{
public:
MyCoroutine2(bool& work_signal): BaseCoroutine(1), ready(work_signal) {}
protected:
bool& work_signal;
virtual int perform()
{
if(i == 100)
return 0;
if(work_signal)
{
doSensitiveWork();
return 2;
}
return 1;
}
};
int main()
{
std::list<BaseCoroutine* > coroutineList;
MyCoroutine2 *incrementer = new MyCoroutine2(should_increment);
MyCoroutine1 *printer = new MyCoroutine1(incrementer);
while(coroutineList.size())
{
for(std::list<BaseCoroutine *>::iterator it = coroutineList.begin();
it != coroutineList.end(); ++it)
{
*it();
if(*it.getStatus() == 0)
{
coroutineList.erase(it);
}
}
}
delete printer;
delete incrementer;
return 0;
}
当然，这些例子本身并没有多大用处。它们只是展示了函子是如何有用的，函子本身是非常基础和不灵活的，这使得它们不如boost所提供的有用。
其他回答
除了在回调中使用，c++函子还可以帮助为矩阵类提供Matlab喜欢的访问样式。这里有一个例子。
函子是一个类似于函数的对象。 基本上，一个定义operator()的类。
class MyFunctor
{
public:
int operator()(int x) { return x * 2;}
}
MyFunctor doubler;
int x = doubler(5);
真正的优点是函子可以保存状态。
class Matcher
{
int target;
public:
Matcher(int m) : target(m) {}
bool operator()(int x) { return x == target;}
}
Matcher Is5(5);
if (Is5(n)) // same as if (n == 5)
{ ....}
对于像我这样的新手来说:经过一些研究，我弄清楚了jalf发布的代码是做什么的。
函子是一个类或结构对象，可以像函数一样被“调用”。这可以通过重载()操作符实现。()操作符(不确定被调用的对象)可以接受任意数量的参数。其他操作符只能取两个值，即+操作符只能取两个值(在操作符的两边各一个)，并返回你重载它的任何值。你可以在()操作符中放入任意数量的参数，这就是它的灵活性。
要创建函子，首先要创建类。然后使用您选择的类型和名称参数创建类的构造函数。在同一语句中，后面跟着一个初始化列表(它使用一个冒号操作符，这也是我第一次接触)，它使用前面声明的构造函数形参构造类成员对象。然后()操作符被重载。最后，声明已创建的类或结构的私有对象。
我的代码(我发现jalf的变量名令人困惑)
class myFunctor
{
public:
/* myFunctor is the constructor. parameterVar is the parameter passed to
the constructor. : is the initializer list operator. myObject is the
private member object of the myFunctor class. parameterVar is passed
to the () operator which takes it and adds it to myObject in the
overloaded () operator function. */
myFunctor (int parameterVar) : myObject( parameterVar ) {}
/* the "operator" word is a keyword which indicates this function is an
overloaded operator function. The () following this just tells the
compiler that () is the operator being overloaded. Following that is
the parameter for the overloaded operator. This parameter is actually
the argument "parameterVar" passed by the constructor we just wrote.
The last part of this statement is the overloaded operators body
which adds the parameter passed to the member object. */
int operator() (int myArgument) { return myObject + myArgument; }
private:
int myObject; //Our private member object.
};
如果这是不准确的或完全错误的，请随时纠正我!
如上所述，函子是可以被视为函数的类(重载操作符())。
在需要将某些数据与对函数的重复或延迟调用相关联的情况下，它们非常有用。
例如，函子链表可用于实现基本的低开销同步协程系统、任务分派器或可中断文件解析。 例子:
/* prints "this is a very simple and poorly used task queue" */
class Functor
{
public:
std::string output;
Functor(const std::string& out): output(out){}
operator()() const
{
std::cout << output << " ";
}
};
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
std::list<Functor> taskQueue;
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("this"));
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("is a"));
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("very simple"));
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("and poorly used"));
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("task queue"));
for(std::list<Functor>::iterator it = taskQueue.begin();
it != taskQueue.end(); ++it)
{
*it();
}
return 0;
}
/* prints the value stored in "i", then asks you if you want to increment it */
int i;
bool should_increment;
int doSomeWork()
{
std::cout << "i = " << i << std::endl;
std::cout << "increment? (enter the number 1 to increment, 0 otherwise" << std::endl;
std::cin >> should_increment;
return 2;
}
void doSensitiveWork()
{
++i;
should_increment = false;
}
class BaseCoroutine
{
public:
BaseCoroutine(int stat): status(stat), waiting(false){}
void operator()(){ status = perform(); }
int getStatus() const { return status; }
protected:
int status;
bool waiting;
virtual int perform() = 0;
bool await_status(BaseCoroutine& other, int stat, int change)
{
if(!waiting)
{
waiting = true;
}
if(other.getStatus() == stat)
{
status = change;
waiting = false;
}
return !waiting;
}
}
class MyCoroutine1: public BaseCoroutine
{
public:
MyCoroutine1(BaseCoroutine& other): BaseCoroutine(1), partner(other){}
protected:
BaseCoroutine& partner;
virtual int perform()
{
if(getStatus() == 1)
return doSomeWork();
if(getStatus() == 2)
{
if(await_status(partner, 1))
return 1;
else if(i == 100)
return 0;
else
return 2;
}
}
};
class MyCoroutine2: public BaseCoroutine
{
public:
MyCoroutine2(bool& work_signal): BaseCoroutine(1), ready(work_signal) {}
protected:
bool& work_signal;
virtual int perform()
{
if(i == 100)
return 0;
if(work_signal)
{
doSensitiveWork();
return 2;
}
return 1;
}
};
int main()
{
std::list<BaseCoroutine* > coroutineList;
MyCoroutine2 *incrementer = new MyCoroutine2(should_increment);
MyCoroutine1 *printer = new MyCoroutine1(incrementer);
while(coroutineList.size())
{
for(std::list<BaseCoroutine *>::iterator it = coroutineList.begin();
it != coroutineList.end(); ++it)
{
*it();
if(*it.getStatus() == 0)
{
coroutineList.erase(it);
}
}
}
delete printer;
delete incrementer;
return 0;
}
当然，这些例子本身并没有多大用处。它们只是展示了函子是如何有用的，函子本身是非常基础和不灵活的，这使得它们不如boost所提供的有用。
将函数作为函子实现的一个很大的优点是，它们可以在调用之间维护和重用状态。例如，许多动态规划算法，如用于计算字符串之间的Levenshtein距离的Wagner-Fischer算法，都是通过填充一个大的结果表来工作的。每次调用函数时分配这个表的效率非常低，因此将函数作为函子实现并将表作为成员变量可以极大地提高性能。
下面是一个将Wagner-Fischer算法实现为函子的示例。注意表是如何在构造函数中分配，然后在operator()中重用的，并根据需要调整大小。
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
template <typename T>
T min3(const T& a, const T& b, const T& c)
{
return std::min(std::min(a, b), c);
}
class levenshtein_distance
{
mutable std::vector<std::vector<unsigned int> > matrix_;
public:
explicit levenshtein_distance(size_t initial_size = 8)
: matrix_(initial_size, std::vector<unsigned int>(initial_size))
{
}
unsigned int operator()(const std::string& s, const std::string& t) const
{
const size_t m = s.size();
const size_t n = t.size();
// The distance between a string and the empty string is the string's length
if (m == 0) {
return n;
}
if (n == 0) {
return m;
}
// Size the matrix as necessary
if (matrix_.size() < m + 1) {
matrix_.resize(m + 1, matrix_[0]);
}
if (matrix_[0].size() < n + 1) {
for (auto& mat : matrix_) {
mat.resize(n + 1);
}
}
// The top row and left column are prefixes that can be reached by
// insertions and deletions alone
unsigned int i, j;
for (i = 1; i <= m; ++i) {
matrix_[i][0] = i;
}
for (j = 1; j <= n; ++j) {
matrix_[0][j] = j;
}
// Fill in the rest of the matrix
for (j = 1; j <= n; ++j) {
for (i = 1; i <= m; ++i) {
unsigned int substitution_cost = s[i - 1] == t[j - 1] ? 0 : 1;
matrix_[i][j] =
min3(matrix_[i - 1][j] + 1, // Deletion
matrix_[i][j - 1] + 1, // Insertion
matrix_[i - 1][j - 1] + substitution_cost); // Substitution
}
}
return matrix_[m][n];
}
};
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