不是为了与前面的理论或数学答案相矛盾，但Functor也是一个对象(在面向对象编程语言中)，它只有一个方法，并且可以有效地用作函数。

Java中的Runnable接口就是一个例子，它只有一个方法:run。

考虑这个例子，首先在Javascript中，它有一级函数:

[1, 2, 5, 10].map(function(x) { return x*x; });

输出: [1,4,25,100]

map方法接受一个函数并返回一个新数组，其中每个元素都是将该函数应用于原始数组中相同位置的值的结果。

要在Java中使用Functor做同样的事情，你首先需要定义一个接口，比如:

public interface IntMapFunction {
  public int f(int x);
}

然后，如果你添加一个集合类，它有一个映射函数，你可以这样做:

myCollection.map(new IntMapFunction() { public int f(int x) { return x * x; } });

这使用了IntMapFunction的一个内嵌子类来创建一个Functor，它是前面JavaScript示例中的函数的OO等效。

使用函子可以在OO语言中应用函数式技术。当然，一些OO语言也直接支持函数，所以这不是必需的。

参考:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_object

在OCaml中，它是一个参数化模块。

如果您了解c++，可以将OCaml函子视为模板。c++只有类模板，函数子在模块规模上工作。

函数子的一个例子是Map.Make;module StringMap =映射。使(字符串);;构建一个使用字符串键映射的映射模块。

你不能通过多态性实现StringMap这样的东西;你需要对这些键做一些假设。String模块包含对完全有序字符串类型的操作(比较等)，函子将链接到String模块包含的操作。你可以用面向对象编程做一些类似的事情，但是你会有方法间接开销。

“函子”这个词来自范畴论，范畴论是数学中一个非常普遍、非常抽象的分支。函数式语言的设计者至少以两种不同的方式借用了它。

In the ML family of languages, a functor is a module that takes one or more other modules as a parameter. It's considered an advanced feature, and most beginning programmers have difficulty with it. As an example of implementation and practical use, you could define your favorite form of balanced binary search tree once and for all as a functor, and it would take as a parameter a module that provides: The type of key to be used in the binary tree A total-ordering function on keys Once you've done this, you can use the same balanced binary tree implementation forever. (The type of value stored in the tree is usually left polymorphic—the tree doesn't need to look at values other than to copy them around, whereas the tree definitely needs to be able to compare keys, and it gets the comparison function from the functor's parameter.) Another application of ML functors is layered network protocols. The link is to a really terrific paper by the CMU Fox group; it shows how to use functors to build more complex protocol layers (like TCP) on type of simpler layers (like IP or even directly over Ethernet). Each layer is implemented as a functor that takes as a parameter the layer below it. The structure of the software actually reflects the way people think about the problem, as opposed to the layers existing only in the mind of the programmer. In 1994 when this work was published, it was a big deal. For a wild example of ML functors in action, you could see the paper ML Module Mania, which contains a publishable (i.e., scary) example of functors at work. For a brilliant, clear, pellucid explanation of the ML modules system (with comparisons to other kinds of modules), read the first few pages of Xavier Leroy's brilliant 1994 POPL paper Manifest Types, Modules, and Separate Compilation. In Haskell, and in some related pure functional language, Functor is a type class. A type belongs to a type class (or more technically, the type "is an instance of" the type class) when the type provides certain operations with certain expected behavior. A type T can belong to class Functor if it has certain collection-like behavior: The type T is parameterized over another type, which you should think of as the element type of the collection. The type of the full collection is then something like T Int, T String, T Bool, if you are containing integers, strings, or Booleans respectively. If the element type is unknown, it is written as a type parameter a, as in T a. Examples include lists (zero or more elements of type a), the Maybe type (zero or one elements of type a), sets of elements of type a, arrays of elements of type a, all kinds of search trees containing values of type a, and lots of others you can think of. The other property that T has to satisfy is that if you have a function of type a -> b (a function on elements), then you have to be able to take that function and product a related function on collections. You do this with the operator fmap, which is shared by every type in the Functor type class. The operator is actually overloaded, so if you have a function even with type Int -> Bool, then fmap even is an overloaded function that can do many wonderful things: Convert a list of integers to a list of Booleans Convert a tree of integers to a tree of Booleans Convert Nothing to Nothing and Just 7 to Just False In Haskell, this property is expressed by giving the type of fmap: fmap :: (Functor t) => (a -> b) -> t a -> t b where we now have a small t, which means "any type in the Functor class." To make a long story short, in Haskell a functor is a kind of collection for which if you are given a function on elements, fmap will give you back a function on collections. As you can imagine, this is an idea that can be widely reused, which is why it is blessed as part of Haskell's standard library.

像往常一样，人们继续发明新的、有用的抽象，您可能想要研究应用函子，对此最好的参考可能是Conor McBride和Ross Paterson撰写的一篇名为《带效果的应用编程》的论文。

在投票最多的答案下，网友Wei Hu问道:

我理解ml -函子和haskell -函子，但缺乏 将它们联系在一起的洞察力。这两者之间是什么关系 二，在分类理论的意义上?

注:本人不懂ML，如有错误请见谅。

让我们首先假设我们都熟悉“范畴”和“函子”的定义。

一个紧凑的答案是，“haskell -函子”是(endo-)函子F: Hask -> Hask，而“ML-函子”是函子G: ML- > ML'。

这里，Hask是由Haskell类型和它们之间的函数组成的类别，类似地，ML和ML'是由ML结构定义的类别。

注意:将Hask作为一个类别存在一些技术问题，但有一些方法可以绕过它们。

从范畴论的角度来看，这意味着hask -函子是Haskell类型的映射F:

data F a = ...

伴随着Haskell函数的map fmap:

instance Functor F where
    fmap f = ...

ML是差不多的，尽管我不知道有一个规范的fmap抽象，所以让我们定义一个:

signature FUNCTOR = sig
  type 'a f
  val fmap: 'a -> 'b -> 'a f -> 'b f
end

f映射ml -类型fmap映射ml -函数

functor StructB (StructA : SigA) :> FUNCTOR =
struct
  fmap g = ...
  ...
end

是一个函子F: StructA -> StructB。

有三种不同的意思，没有太大的联系!

In Ocaml it is a parametrized module. See manual. I think the best way to grok them is by example: (written quickly, might be buggy) module type Order = sig type t val compare: t -> t -> bool end;; module Integers = struct type t = int let compare x y = x > y end;; module ReverseOrder = functor (X: Order) -> struct type t = X.t let compare x y = X.compare y x end;; (* We can order reversely *) module K = ReverseOrder (Integers);; Integers.compare 3 4;; (* this is false *) K.compare 3 4;; (* this is true *) module LexicographicOrder = functor (X: Order) -> functor (Y: Order) -> struct type t = X.t * Y.t let compare (a,b) (c,d) = if X.compare a c then true else if X.compare c a then false else Y.compare b d end;; (* compare lexicographically *) module X = LexicographicOrder (Integers) (Integers);; X.compare (2,3) (4,5);; module LinearSearch = functor (X: Order) -> struct type t = X.t array let find x k = 0 (* some boring code *) end;; module BinarySearch = functor (X: Order) -> struct type t = X.t array let find x k = 0 (* some boring code *) end;; (* linear search over arrays of integers *) module LS = LinearSearch (Integers);; LS.find [|1;2;3] 2;; (* binary search over arrays of pairs of integers, sorted lexicographically *) module BS = BinarySearch (LexicographicOrder (Integers) (Integers));; BS.find [|(2,3);(4,5)|] (2,3);;

您现在可以快速添加许多可能的顺序，形成新顺序的方法，轻松地对它们进行二进制或线性搜索。泛型编程。

In functional programming languages like Haskell, it means some type constructors (parametrized types like lists, sets) that can be "mapped". To be precise, a functor f is equipped with (a -> b) -> (f a -> f b). This has origins in category theory. The Wikipedia article you linked to is this usage. class Functor f where fmap :: (a -> b) -> (f a -> f b) instance Functor [] where -- lists are a functor fmap = map instance Functor Maybe where -- Maybe is option in Haskell fmap f (Just x) = Just (f x) fmap f Nothing = Nothing fmap (+1) [2,3,4] -- this is [3,4,5] fmap (+1) (Just 5) -- this is Just 6 fmap (+1) Nothing -- this is Nothing

因此，这是一种特殊的类型构造函数，与Ocaml中的函子关系不大!

在命令式语言中，它是指向函数的指针。

简单地说，函子或函数对象是可以像函数一样调用的类对象。

在c++中:

这就是写函数的方法

void foo()
{
    cout << "Hello, world! I'm a function!";
}

这就是写函子的方法

class FunctorClass
{
    public:
    void operator ()
    {
        cout << "Hello, world! I'm a functor!";
    }
};

现在你可以这样做:

foo(); //result: Hello, World! I'm a function!

FunctorClass bar;
bar(); //result: Hello, World! I'm a functor!

这样做的好处是可以将state保存在类中——想象一下，如果您想询问一个函数被调用了多少次。没有办法以简洁、封装的方式做到这一点。对于函数对象，它就像任何其他类一样:你有一些实例变量，你在operator()中增加它，还有一些方法来检查这个变量，一切都很整齐。