如何在Python中检查字符串是否表示数值?

def is_number(s):
    try:
        float(s)
        return True
    except ValueError:
        return False

上述方法可行,但似乎很笨拙。


如果您正在测试的内容来自用户输入,那么即使它表示int或float,它仍然是一个字符串。请参阅如何将输入读取为数字?用于转换输入,并询问用户输入,直到他们给出有效响应以确保输入在继续之前表示int或float(或其他要求)。


当前回答

一个快速而简单的选项是检查数据类型:

def is_number(value):
    return type(value) in [int, float]

或者,如果要测试字符串的值是否为数字:

def isNumber (value):
    return True if type(value) in [int, float] else str(value).replace('.','',1).isdigit()

测验:

>>> isNumber(1)
True

>>> isNumber(1/3)
True

>>> isNumber(1.3)
True

>>> isNumber('1.3')
True

>>> isNumber('s1.3')
False

其他回答

输入可能如下:

a=“50”b=50c=50.1d=“50.1”


1-一般输入:

这个函数的输入可以是一切!

查找给定变量是否为数字。数字字符串由可选符号、任意位数、可选小数部分和可选指数部分组成。因此,+0123.45e6是一个有效的数值。不允许使用十六进制(例如0xf4c3b000c)和二进制(例如0b10100111001)表示法。

is_numeric函数

import ast
import numbers              
def is_numeric(obj):
    if isinstance(obj, numbers.Number):
        return True
    elif isinstance(obj, str):
        nodes = list(ast.walk(ast.parse(obj)))[1:]
        if not isinstance(nodes[0], ast.Expr):
            return False
        if not isinstance(nodes[-1], ast.Num):
            return False
        nodes = nodes[1:-1]
        for i in range(len(nodes)):
            #if used + or - in digit :
            if i % 2 == 0:
                if not isinstance(nodes[i], ast.UnaryOp):
                    return False
            else:
                if not isinstance(nodes[i], (ast.USub, ast.UAdd)):
                    return False
        return True
    else:
        return False

测试:

>>> is_numeric("54")
True
>>> is_numeric("54.545")
True
>>> is_numeric("0x45")
True

is_float函数

查找给定变量是否为float。浮点数字符串由可选符号、任意数量的数字等组成。。。

import ast

def is_float(obj):
    if isinstance(obj, float):
        return True
    if isinstance(obj, int):
        return False
    elif isinstance(obj, str):
        nodes = list(ast.walk(ast.parse(obj)))[1:]
        if not isinstance(nodes[0], ast.Expr):
            return False
        if not isinstance(nodes[-1], ast.Num):
            return False
        if not isinstance(nodes[-1].n, float):
            return False
        nodes = nodes[1:-1]
        for i in range(len(nodes)):
            if i % 2 == 0:
                if not isinstance(nodes[i], ast.UnaryOp):
                    return False
            else:
                if not isinstance(nodes[i], (ast.USub, ast.UAdd)):
                    return False
        return True
    else:
        return False

测试:

>>> is_float("5.4")
True
>>> is_float("5")
False
>>> is_float(5)
False
>>> is_float("5")
False
>>> is_float("+5.4")
True

什么是ast?


2-如果您确信变量内容为字符串:

使用str.isdigit()方法

>>> a=454
>>> a.isdigit()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'isdigit'
>>> a="454"
>>> a.isdigit()
True

3-数字输入:

检测int值:

>>> isinstance("54", int)
False
>>> isinstance(54, int)
True
>>> 

检测浮子:

>>> isinstance("45.1", float)
False
>>> isinstance(45.1, float)
True

我想看看哪种方法最快。总的来说,check_replace函数给出了最佳和最一致的结果。check_exception函数给出了最快的结果,但前提是没有触发异常——这意味着它的代码是最有效的,但抛出异常的开销非常大。

请注意,检查成功的强制转换是唯一准确的方法,例如,这与check_exception一起工作,但其他两个测试函数将为有效的float返回False:

huge_number = float('1e+100')

以下是基准代码:

import time, re, random, string

ITERATIONS = 10000000

class Timer:    
    def __enter__(self):
        self.start = time.clock()
        return self
    def __exit__(self, *args):
        self.end = time.clock()
        self.interval = self.end - self.start

def check_regexp(x):
    return re.compile("^\d*\.?\d*$").match(x) is not None

def check_replace(x):
    return x.replace('.','',1).isdigit()

def check_exception(s):
    try:
        float(s)
        return True
    except ValueError:
        return False

to_check = [check_regexp, check_replace, check_exception]

print('preparing data...')
good_numbers = [
    str(random.random() / random.random()) 
    for x in range(ITERATIONS)]

bad_numbers = ['.' + x for x in good_numbers]

strings = [
    ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for _ in range(random.randint(1,10)))
    for x in range(ITERATIONS)]

print('running test...')
for func in to_check:
    with Timer() as t:
        for x in good_numbers:
            res = func(x)
    print('%s with good floats: %s' % (func.__name__, t.interval))
    with Timer() as t:
        for x in bad_numbers:
            res = func(x)
    print('%s with bad floats: %s' % (func.__name__, t.interval))
    with Timer() as t:
        for x in strings:
            res = func(x)
    print('%s with strings: %s' % (func.__name__, t.interval))

以下是2017年MacBook Pro 13上Python 2.7.10的结果:

check_regexp with good floats: 12.688639
check_regexp with bad floats: 11.624862
check_regexp with strings: 11.349414
check_replace with good floats: 4.419841
check_replace with bad floats: 4.294909
check_replace with strings: 4.086358
check_exception with good floats: 3.276668
check_exception with bad floats: 13.843092
check_exception with strings: 15.786169

以下是2017年MacBook Pro 13上Python 3.6.5的结果:

check_regexp with good floats: 13.472906000000009
check_regexp with bad floats: 12.977665000000016
check_regexp with strings: 12.417542999999995
check_replace with good floats: 6.011045999999993
check_replace with bad floats: 4.849356
check_replace with strings: 4.282754000000011
check_exception with good floats: 6.039081999999979
check_exception with bad floats: 9.322753000000006
check_exception with strings: 9.952595000000002

以下是2017年MacBook Pro 13上PyPy 2.7.13的结果:

check_regexp with good floats: 2.693217
check_regexp with bad floats: 2.744819
check_regexp with strings: 2.532414
check_replace with good floats: 0.604367
check_replace with bad floats: 0.538169
check_replace with strings: 0.598664
check_exception with good floats: 1.944103
check_exception with bad floats: 2.449182
check_exception with strings: 2.200056

仅对于非负(无符号)整数,请使用isdigit():

>>> a = "03523"
>>> a.isdigit()
True
>>> b = "963spam"
>>> b.isdigit()
False

isdigit()文档:Python2,Python3

对于Python 2 Unicode字符串:isnumeric()。

用户助手功能:

def if_ok(fn, string):
  try:
    return fn(string)
  except Exception as e:
    return None

然后

if_ok(int, my_str) or if_ok(float, my_str) or if_ok(complex, my_str)
is_number = lambda s: any([if_ok(fn, s) for fn in (int, float, complex)])

对于int,请使用以下命令:

>>> "1221323".isdigit()
True

但对于float,我们需要一些技巧;-)。每个浮点数都有一个点。。。

>>> "12.34".isdigit()
False
>>> "12.34".replace('.','',1).isdigit()
True
>>> "12.3.4".replace('.','',1).isdigit()
False

对于负数,只需添加lstrip():

>>> '-12'.lstrip('-')
'12'

现在我们有了一个通用的方法:

>>> '-12.34'.lstrip('-').replace('.','',1).isdigit()
True
>>> '.-234'.lstrip('-').replace('.','',1).isdigit()
False