c++支持“finally”块吗?

RAII习语是什么?

c++的RAII习语和c#的using语句有什么区别?


当前回答

另一个“finally”块模拟使用c++ 11 lambda函数

template <typename TCode, typename TFinallyCode>
inline void with_finally(const TCode &code, const TFinallyCode &finally_code)
{
    try
    {
        code();
    }
    catch (...)
    {
        try
        {
            finally_code();
        }
        catch (...) // Maybe stupid check that finally_code mustn't throw.
        {
            std::terminate();
        }
        throw;
    }
    finally_code();
}

让我们希望编译器会优化上面的代码。

现在我们可以这样写代码:

with_finally(
    [&]()
    {
        try
        {
            // Doing some stuff that may throw an exception
        }
        catch (const exception1 &)
        {
            // Handling first class of exceptions
        }
        catch (const exception2 &)
        {
            // Handling another class of exceptions
        }
        // Some classes of exceptions can be still unhandled
    },
    [&]() // finally
    {
        // This code will be executed in all three cases:
        //   1) exception was not thrown at all
        //   2) exception was handled by one of the "catch" blocks above
        //   3) exception was not handled by any of the "catch" block above
    }
);

如果你愿意,你可以把这个习语包装成“try - finally”宏:

// Please never throw exception below. It is needed to avoid a compilation error
// in the case when we use "begin_try ... finally" without any "catch" block.
class never_thrown_exception {};

#define begin_try    with_finally([&](){ try
#define finally      catch(never_thrown_exception){throw;} },[&]()
#define end_try      ) // sorry for "pascalish" style :(

现在"finally"块在c++ 11中可用:

begin_try
{
    // A code that may throw
}
catch (const some_exception &)
{
    // Handling some exceptions
}
finally
{
    // A code that is always executed
}
end_try; // Sorry again for this ugly thing

就我个人而言,我不喜欢“宏”版本的“finally”习语,宁愿使用纯粹的“with_finally”函数,即使在这种情况下语法更笨重。

您可以在这里测试上面的代码:http://coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/1d88f64cb27b3813

PS

如果你的代码中需要一个finally块,那么作用域守卫或ON_FINALLY/ON_EXCEPTION宏可能会更好地满足你的需求。

下面是ON_FINALLY/ON_EXCEPTION的用法示例:

void function(std::vector<const char*> &vector)
{
    int *arr1 = (int*)malloc(800*sizeof(int));
    if (!arr1) { throw "cannot malloc arr1"; }
    ON_FINALLY({ free(arr1); });

    int *arr2 = (int*)malloc(900*sizeof(int));
    if (!arr2) { throw "cannot malloc arr2"; }
    ON_FINALLY({ free(arr2); });

    vector.push_back("good");
    ON_EXCEPTION({ vector.pop_back(); });

    ...

其他回答

编辑

如果你不中断/继续/返回等等,你可以添加一个捕获到任何未知的异常,并把always代码放在它后面。这也是当您不需要重新抛出异常的时候。

try{
   // something that might throw exception
} catch( ... ){
   // what to do with uknown exception
}

//final code to be called always,
//don't forget that it might throw some exception too
doSomeCleanUp(); 

那么问题是什么呢?

通常,在其他编程语言中,finally通常无论如何都运行(通常是指不管任何返回、中断、继续等等),除了某种系统exit()——这在每种编程语言中有很大不同——例如,PHP和Java只是在那一刻退出,但Python无论如何都执行finally,然后退出。

但是我上面描述的代码并不是这样工作的 =>下面的代码只输出一些错误!:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

std::string test() {
    try{
       // something that might throw exception
       throw "exceptiooon!";

       return "fine";
    } catch( ... ){
       return "something wrong!";
    }
    
    return "finally";
}

int main(void) {
    
    std::cout << test();
    
    
    return 0;
}

除了使基于堆栈的对象的清理变得容易之外,RAII还很有用,因为当对象是另一个类的成员时,同样的“自动”清理也会发生。当所属类被销毁时,由RAII类管理的资源将被清理,因为该类的dtor将被调用。

这意味着当您达到RAII的天堂,并且类中的所有成员都使用RAII(如智能指针)时,您可以为所有者类使用一个非常简单的(甚至是默认的)dtor,因为它不需要手动管理其成员资源生命周期。

总之,微软Visual c++确实支持try,它在MFC应用中一直被用作捕获严重异常的方法,否则会导致崩溃。例如;

int CMyApp::Run() 
{
    __try
    {
        int i = CWinApp::Run();
        m_Exitok = MAGIC_EXIT_NO;
        return i;
    }
    __finally
    {
        if (m_Exitok != MAGIC_EXIT_NO)
            FaultHandler();
    }
}

在过去,我用它来做一些事情,比如在退出之前保存打开文件的备份。不过,某些JIT调试设置会破坏这种机制。

另一个“finally”块模拟使用c++ 11 lambda函数

template <typename TCode, typename TFinallyCode>
inline void with_finally(const TCode &code, const TFinallyCode &finally_code)
{
    try
    {
        code();
    }
    catch (...)
    {
        try
        {
            finally_code();
        }
        catch (...) // Maybe stupid check that finally_code mustn't throw.
        {
            std::terminate();
        }
        throw;
    }
    finally_code();
}

让我们希望编译器会优化上面的代码。

现在我们可以这样写代码:

with_finally(
    [&]()
    {
        try
        {
            // Doing some stuff that may throw an exception
        }
        catch (const exception1 &)
        {
            // Handling first class of exceptions
        }
        catch (const exception2 &)
        {
            // Handling another class of exceptions
        }
        // Some classes of exceptions can be still unhandled
    },
    [&]() // finally
    {
        // This code will be executed in all three cases:
        //   1) exception was not thrown at all
        //   2) exception was handled by one of the "catch" blocks above
        //   3) exception was not handled by any of the "catch" block above
    }
);

如果你愿意,你可以把这个习语包装成“try - finally”宏:

// Please never throw exception below. It is needed to avoid a compilation error
// in the case when we use "begin_try ... finally" without any "catch" block.
class never_thrown_exception {};

#define begin_try    with_finally([&](){ try
#define finally      catch(never_thrown_exception){throw;} },[&]()
#define end_try      ) // sorry for "pascalish" style :(

现在"finally"块在c++ 11中可用:

begin_try
{
    // A code that may throw
}
catch (const some_exception &)
{
    // Handling some exceptions
}
finally
{
    // A code that is always executed
}
end_try; // Sorry again for this ugly thing

就我个人而言,我不喜欢“宏”版本的“finally”习语,宁愿使用纯粹的“with_finally”函数,即使在这种情况下语法更笨重。

您可以在这里测试上面的代码:http://coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/1d88f64cb27b3813

PS

如果你的代码中需要一个finally块,那么作用域守卫或ON_FINALLY/ON_EXCEPTION宏可能会更好地满足你的需求。

下面是ON_FINALLY/ON_EXCEPTION的用法示例:

void function(std::vector<const char*> &vector)
{
    int *arr1 = (int*)malloc(800*sizeof(int));
    if (!arr1) { throw "cannot malloc arr1"; }
    ON_FINALLY({ free(arr1); });

    int *arr2 = (int*)malloc(900*sizeof(int));
    if (!arr2) { throw "cannot malloc arr2"; }
    ON_FINALLY({ free(arr2); });

    vector.push_back("good");
    ON_EXCEPTION({ vector.pop_back(); });

    ...
try
{
  ...
  goto finally;
}
catch(...)
{
  ...
  goto finally;
}
finally:
{
  ...
}