TheFuzz是一个用python实现Levenshtein距离的包，在某些情况下，当你希望两个不同的字符串被认为是相同的时，它带有一些帮助函数来提供帮助。例如:

>>> fuzz.ratio("fuzzy wuzzy was a bear", "wuzzy fuzzy was a bear")
    91
>>> fuzz.token_sort_ratio("fuzzy wuzzy was a bear", "wuzzy fuzzy was a bear")
    100

注意,difflib。SequenceMatcher只找到最长的连续匹配子序列，这通常不是我们想要的，例如:

>>> a1 = "Apple"
>>> a2 = "Appel"
>>> a1 *= 50
>>> a2 *= 50
>>> SequenceMatcher(None, a1, a2).ratio()
0.012  # very low
>>> SequenceMatcher(None, a1, a2).get_matching_blocks()
[Match(a=0, b=0, size=3), Match(a=250, b=250, size=0)]  # only the first block is recorded

寻找两个字符串之间的相似性与生物信息学中成对序列比对的概念密切相关。有许多专门的库，包括生物马拉松。这个例子实现了Needleman Wunsch算法:

>>> from Bio.Align import PairwiseAligner
>>> aligner = PairwiseAligner()
>>> aligner.score(a1, a2)
200.0
>>> aligner.algorithm
'Needleman-Wunsch'

使用biopython或其他生物信息学包比python标准库的任何部分都更灵活，因为有许多不同的评分方案和算法可用。此外，你可以得到匹配的序列来可视化正在发生的事情:

>>> alignment = next(aligner.align(a1, a2))
>>> alignment.score
200.0
>>> print(alignment)
Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-Apple-
|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-|||-|-
App-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-elApp-el

你可以在这个链接下找到大多数文本相似度方法及其计算方法:https://github.com/luozhouyang/python-string-similarity#python-string-similarity 这里有一些例子;

归一化，度量，相似度和距离 (归一化)相似度和距离 距离度量 基于相似度和距离的带状(n-gram) Levenshtein 规范化Levenshtein 加权Levenshtein Damerau-Levenshtein 最佳字符串对齐 Jaro-Winkler 最长公共子序列 度量最长公共子序列 语法 基于瓦(n-gram)的算法 Q-Gram 余弦相似度 Jaccard指数 Sorensen-Dice系数 重叠系数(即Szymkiewicz-Simpson)

包装距离包括Levenshtein距离:

import distance
distance.levenshtein("lenvestein", "levenshtein")
# 3

内置的SequenceMatcher在大输入时非常慢，下面是如何用diff-match-patch完成的:

from diff_match_patch import diff_match_patch

def compute_similarity_and_diff(text1, text2):
    dmp = diff_match_patch()
    dmp.Diff_Timeout = 0.0
    diff = dmp.diff_main(text1, text2, False)

    # similarity
    common_text = sum([len(txt) for op, txt in diff if op == 0])
    text_length = max(len(text1), len(text2))
    sim = common_text / text_length

    return sim, diff

如上所述，有许多指标可以定义字符串之间的相似性和距离。我将给出我的5美分，通过展示一个Jaccard与Q-Grams相似的例子和一个编辑距离的例子。

库

from nltk.metrics.distance import jaccard_distance
from nltk.util import ngrams
from nltk.metrics.distance  import edit_distance

Jaccard相似

1-jaccard_distance(set(ngrams('Apple', 2)), set(ngrams('Appel', 2)))

我们得到:

0.33333333333333337

还有苹果和芒果

1-jaccard_distance(set(ngrams('Apple', 2)), set(ngrams('Mango', 2)))

我们得到:

0.0

编辑距离

edit_distance('Apple', 'Appel')

我们得到:

2

最后,

edit_distance('Apple', 'Mango')

我们得到:

5

q - grams上的余弦相似度(q=2)

另一个解决方案是使用textdistance库。我将提供一个余弦相似度的例子

import textdistance
1-textdistance.Cosine(qval=2).distance('Apple', 'Appel')

我们得到:

0.5