Java中内部类和静态嵌套类的主要区别是什么?设计/实现是否在选择其中一个方面发挥作用?


当前回答

我认为这里没有什么要补充的,大多数答案完美地解释了静态嵌套类和内部类之间的区别。但是,当使用嵌套类与内部类时,请考虑以下问题。正如在两个答案中提到的,如果没有封闭类的实例,内部类就无法实例化,这意味着它们持有指向封闭类实例的指针,这可能导致内存溢出或堆栈溢出异常,因为即使不再使用封闭类,GC也无法对其进行垃圾收集。要明确这一点,请检查以下代码:

public class Outer {


    public  class Inner {

    }


    public Inner inner(){
        return new Inner();
    }

    @Override
    protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
    // as you know finalize is called by the garbage collector due to destroying an object instance
        System.out.println("I am destroyed !");
    }
}


public static void main(String arg[]) {

    Outer outer = new Outer();
    Outer.Inner inner = outer.new Inner();

    // out instance is no more used and should be garbage collected !!!
    // However this will not happen as inner instance is still alive i.e used, not null !
    // and outer will be kept in memory until inner is destroyed
    outer = null;

    //
    // inner = null;

    //kick out garbage collector
    System.gc();

}

如果删除//inner=null;该计划将付诸实施“我被摧毁了!”,但保持评论不会。原因是白色内部实例仍然被引用,GC无法收集它,并且因为它引用(具有指向)外部实例,所以它也没有被收集。项目中有足够的这些对象,可能会耗尽内存。与静态内部类相比,静态内部类不指向内部类实例,因为它与实例无关,而是与类相关。如果将Inner类设置为静态并使用Outer.Inner I=newOuter.Innr()实例化,则上述程序可以打印“我被摧毁了!”;

其他回答

我认为,通常遵循的惯例是:

顶级类中的静态类是嵌套类顶级类中的非静态类是内部类还有两种形式:本地类-在块(如方法或构造函数体)内部声明的类匿名类-在表达式和语句中创建实例的未命名类

然而,需要记住的其他几点是:

顶级类和静态嵌套类在语义上是相同的,只是在静态嵌套类的情况下,它可以对其外部〔父〕类的私有静态字段/方法进行静态引用,反之亦然。内部类可以访问外部[父]类的封闭实例的实例变量。然而,并不是所有的内部类都有封闭实例,例如静态上下文中的内部类,比如静态初始值设定项块中使用的匿名类。默认情况下,匿名类扩展父类或实现父接口,并且没有进一步的子句来扩展任何其他类或实现任何其他接口。所以新建YourClass(){};意味着类〔Anonymous〕扩展了YourClass{}新建YourInterface(){};表示类〔Anonymous〕实现YourInterface{}


我觉得还有一个更大的问题,那就是什么时候使用?这主要取决于你正在处理的场景,但阅读@jrudolph给出的回复可能会帮助你做出一些决定。

Java编程语言允许您在另一个类中定义一个类。这样的类称为嵌套类,如下所示:

class OuterClass {
...
class NestedClass {
    ...
    }
}

嵌套类分为两类:静态类和非静态类。声明为静态的嵌套类称为静态嵌套类。非静态嵌套类称为内部类。我们应该记住的一点是,非静态嵌套类(内部类)可以访问封闭类的其他成员,即使它们被声明为私有。静态嵌套类只能访问封闭类的其他成员(如果这些成员是静态的)。它无法访问外部类的非静态成员。与类方法和变量一样,静态嵌套类与其外部类相关联。例如,要为静态嵌套类创建对象,请使用以下语法:

OuterClass.StaticNestedClass nestedObject =
 new OuterClass.StaticNestedClass(); 

要实例化内部类,必须首先实例化外部类。然后,使用以下语法在外部对象中创建内部对象:

OuterClass.InnerClass innerObject = new OuterClass().new InnerClass();

为什么我们使用嵌套类

这是一种对仅在一个地方使用的类进行逻辑分组的方法。它增加了封装性。它可以产生更可读和可维护的代码。

来源:Java™ 教程-嵌套类

针对Java和/或嵌套类新手的学习者

嵌套类可以是:1.静态嵌套类。2.非静态嵌套类。(也称为内部类)=>请记住这一点

1.内部类例子:

class OuterClass  {
/*  some code here...*/
     class InnerClass  {  }
/*  some code here...*/
}

内部类是嵌套类的子集:

内部类是特定类型的嵌套类内部类是嵌套类的子集可以说内部类也是嵌套类,但不能说嵌套类也是内部类。

内层专业:

内部类的实例可以访问外部类的所有成员,即使是标记为“private”的成员

2.静态嵌套类:例子:

class EnclosingClass {
  static class Nested {
    void someMethod() { System.out.println("hello SO"); }
  }
}

案例1:从非封闭类实例化静态嵌套类

class NonEnclosingClass {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    /*instantiate the Nested class that is a static
      member of the EnclosingClass class:
    */

    EnclosingClass.Nested n = new EnclosingClass.Nested(); 
    n.someMethod();  //prints out "hello"
  }
}

案例2:从封闭类实例化静态嵌套类

class EnclosingClass {

  static class Nested {
    void anotherMethod() { System.out.println("hi again"); } 
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    //access enclosed class:

    Nested n = new Nested(); 
    n.anotherMethod();  //prints out "hi again"
  }

}

静态类专业:

静态内部类只能访问外部类的静态成员,不能访问非静态成员。

结论:问:Java中内部类和静态嵌套类的主要区别是什么?答:只需仔细阅读上面提到的每门课的细节。

以下是静态嵌套类和内部类的示例:

外部类.java

public class OuterClass {
     private String someVariable = "Non Static";

     private static String anotherStaticVariable = "Static";  

     OuterClass(){

     }

     //Nested classes are static
     static class StaticNestedClass{
        private static String privateStaticNestedClassVariable = "Private Static Nested Class Variable"; 

        //can access private variables declared in the outer class
        public static void getPrivateVariableofOuterClass(){
            System.out.println(anotherStaticVariable);
        }
     }

     //non static
     class InnerClass{

         //can access private variables of outer class
         public String getPrivateNonStaticVariableOfOuterClass(){
             return someVariable;
         }
     }

     public static void accessStaticClass(){
         //can access any variable declared inside the Static Nested Class 
         //even if it private
         String var = OuterClass.StaticNestedClass.privateStaticNestedClassVariable; 
         System.out.println(var);
     }

}

外部类别测试:

public class OuterClassTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        //access the Static Nested Class
        OuterClass.StaticNestedClass.getPrivateVariableofOuterClass();

        //test the private variable declared inside the static nested class
        OuterClass.accessStaticClass();
        /*
         * Inner Class Test
         * */

        //Declaration

        //first instantiate the outer class
        OuterClass outerClass = new OuterClass();

        //then instantiate the inner class
        OuterClass.InnerClass innerClassExample =  outerClass. new InnerClass();

        //test the non static private variable
        System.out.println(innerClassExample.getPrivateNonStaticVariableOfOuterClass()); 

    }

}

我已经说明了java代码中可能出现的各种可能的正确和错误场景。

    class Outter1 {

        String OutStr;

        Outter1(String str) {
            OutStr = str;
        }

        public void NonStaticMethod(String st)  {

            String temp1 = "ashish";
            final String  tempFinal1 = "ashish"; 

            //  below static attribute not permitted
            // static String tempStatic1 = "static";    

            //  below static with final attribute not permitted         
            // static final String  tempStatic1 = "ashish";  

            // synchronized keyword is not permitted below          
            class localInnerNonStatic1 {            

                synchronized    public void innerMethod(String str11) {
                    str11 = temp1 +" sharma";
                    System.out.println("innerMethod ===> "+str11);
                }

                /* 
        //  static method with final not permitted
          public static void innerStaticMethod(String str11) { 

                    str11 = temp1 +" india";
                    System.out.println("innerMethod ===> "+str11);
                }*/
            }

            // static class not permitted below
            //  static class localInnerStatic1 {   }                            

        }

        public static  void StaticMethod(String st)     {

            String temp1 = "ashish";
            final String  tempFinal1 = "ashish"; 

            // static attribute not permitted below
            //static String tempStatic1 = "static";     

            //  static with final attribute not permitted below
            // static final String  tempStatic1 = "ashish";                         

            class localInnerNonStatic1 {
                public void innerMethod(String str11) {
                    str11 = temp1 +" sharma";
                    System.out.println("innerMethod ===> "+str11);
                }

                /*
    // static method with final not permitted
    public static void innerStaticMethod(String str11) {  
                    str11 = temp1 +" india";
                    System.out.println("innerMethod ===> "+str11);
                }*/
            }

            // static class not permitted below
            //  static class localInnerStatic1 {   }    

        }

        // synchronized keyword is not permitted
        static  class inner1 {          

            static String  temp1 = "ashish";
            String  tempNonStatic = "ashish";
            // class localInner1 {

            public void innerMethod(String str11) {
                str11 = temp1 +" sharma";
                str11 = str11+ tempNonStatic +" sharma";
                System.out.println("innerMethod ===> "+str11);
            }

            public static void innerStaticMethod(String str11) {
                //  error in below step
                str11 = temp1 +" india";    
                //str11 = str11+ tempNonStatic +" sharma";
                System.out.println("innerMethod ===> "+str11);
            }
            //}
        }

        //synchronized keyword is not permitted below
        class innerNonStatic1 {             

//This is important we have to keep final with static modifier in non
// static innerclass below
            static final String  temp1 = "ashish";  
            String  tempNonStatic = "ashish";
            // class localInner1 {

            synchronized    public void innerMethod(String str11) {
                tempNonStatic = tempNonStatic +" ...";
                str11 = temp1 +" sharma";
                str11 = str11+ tempNonStatic +" sharma";
                System.out.println("innerMethod ===> "+str11);
            }

            /*
            //  error in below step
            public static void innerStaticMethod(String str11) {   
                            //  error in below step
                            // str11 = tempNonStatic +" india";                     
                            str11 = temp1 +" india";
                            System.out.println("innerMethod ===> "+str11);
                        }*/
                    //}
                }
    }