我需要一个查询从一个相当大的表中返回大量随机行。这是我想到的。首先获取最大记录id:

SELECT MAX(id) FROM table_name;

然后将该值代入:

SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE id > FLOOR(RAND() * max) LIMIT n;

Where max is the maximum record id in the table and n is the number of rows you want in your result set. The assumption is that there are no gaps in the record id's although I doubt it would affect the result if there were (haven't tried it though). I also created this stored procedure to be more generic; pass in the table name and number of rows to be returned. I'm running MySQL 5.5.38 on Windows 2008, 32GB, dual 3GHz E5450, and on a table with 17,361,264 rows it's fairly consistent at ~.03 sec / ~11 sec to return 1,000,000 rows. (times are from MySQL Workbench 6.1; you could also use CEIL instead of FLOOR in the 2nd select statement depending on your preference)

DELIMITER $$

USE [schema name] $$

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS `random_rows` $$

CREATE PROCEDURE `random_rows`(IN tab_name VARCHAR(64), IN num_rows INT)
BEGIN

SET @t = CONCAT('SET @max=(SELECT MAX(id) FROM ',tab_name,')');
PREPARE stmt FROM @t;
EXECUTE stmt;
DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;

SET @t = CONCAT(
    'SELECT * FROM ',
    tab_name,
    ' WHERE id>FLOOR(RAND()*@max) LIMIT ',
    num_rows);

PREPARE stmt FROM @t;
EXECUTE stmt;
DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;
END
$$

then

CALL [schema name].random_rows([table name], n);

SELECT column FROM table
ORDER BY RAND()
LIMIT 10

这不是有效的解决方案，但确实有效

一个伟大的职位处理几个情况，从简单，到差距，到不均匀与差距。

http://jan.kneschke.de/projects/mysql/order-by-rand/

对于大多数一般情况，你可以这样做:

SELECT name
  FROM random AS r1 JOIN
       (SELECT CEIL(RAND() *
                     (SELECT MAX(id)
                        FROM random)) AS id)
        AS r2
 WHERE r1.id >= r2.id
 ORDER BY r1.id ASC
 LIMIT 1

这假设id的分布是相等的，并且id列表中可能存在间隙。有关更高级的示例，请参阅本文

从书中:

使用偏移量选择随机行

这是另一种避免前面提到的问题的技术 替代方法是统计数据集中的行数并返回一个随机值 0到计数之间的数字。然后用这个数字作为抵消 查询数据集时

$rand = "SELECT ROUND(RAND() * (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Bugs))";
$offset = $pdo->query($rand)->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
$sql = "SELECT * FROM Bugs LIMIT 1 OFFSET :offset";
$stmt = $pdo->prepare($sql);
$stmt->execute( $offset );
$rand_bug = $stmt->fetch();

在不能假定连续键值和时使用此解决方案 您需要确保每一行都有均等的机会被选中。

我改进了@Riedsio的答案。这是我在一个有间隙的大型均匀分布表上能找到的最有效的查询(测试从一个有> 2.6B行的表中获得1000个随机行)。

(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max := (SELECT MAX(id) FROM table)) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1)

让我来解释一下发生了什么。

(SELECT MAX(id) FROM table) 我在计算并保存最大值。对于非常大的表，每次需要一行时计算MAX(id)都会有轻微的开销 SELECT FLOOR(rand() * @max) + 1 as rand) 获取一个随机id SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN(… 这就填补了空白。基本上，如果你在间隙中随机选择一个数字，它就会选择下一个id。假设间隙是均匀分布的，这应该不是问题。

进行联合可以帮助您将所有内容放入一个查询中，从而避免进行多个查询。它还可以节省计算MAX(id)的开销。根据您的应用程序，这可能非常重要，也可能无关紧要。

注意，这只获取id，并以随机顺序获取它们。如果你想做更高级的事情，我建议你这样做:

SELECT t.id, t.name -- etc, etc
FROM table t
INNER JOIN (
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max := (SELECT MAX(id) FROM table)) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1)
) x ON x.id = t.id
ORDER BY t.id

这里有一个改变游戏规则的方法，可能对许多人有帮助;

我有一个有200k行的表，有连续的id，我需要选择N个随机行，所以我选择根据表中最大的id生成随机值，我创建了这个脚本来找出哪个是最快的操作:

logTime();
query("SELECT COUNT(id) FROM tbl");
logTime();
query("SELECT MAX(id) FROM tbl");
logTime();
query("SELECT id FROM tbl ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1");
logTime();

结果如下:

计数:36.8418693542479毫秒 Max: 0.241041183472 ms 订单:0.216960906982毫秒

根据这个结果，order desc是得到最大id的最快操作， 以下是我对这个问题的回答:

SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(n SEPARATOR ',') g FROM (
    SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * (
        SELECT id FROM tbl ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1
    )) n FROM tbl LIMIT 10) a

...
SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE id IN ($result);

供您参考:从一个200k表中随机获得10行，我花了1.78 ms(包括php方面的所有操作)