基于Martín marconcini的回答(谢谢!)我终于找到了一个可靠(而且非常简单)的解决方案。

public class ApplicationLifecycleHandler implements Application.ActivityLifecycleCallbacks, ComponentCallbacks2 {

    private static final String TAG = ApplicationLifecycleHandler.class.getSimpleName();
    private static boolean isInBackground = false;

    @Override
    public void onActivityCreated(Activity activity, Bundle bundle) {
    }

    @Override
    public void onActivityStarted(Activity activity) {
    }

    @Override
    public void onActivityResumed(Activity activity) {

        if(isInBackground){
            Log.d(TAG, "app went to foreground");
            isInBackground = false;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onActivityPaused(Activity activity) {
    }

    @Override
    public void onActivityStopped(Activity activity) {
    }

    @Override
    public void onActivitySaveInstanceState(Activity activity, Bundle bundle) {
    }

    @Override
    public void onActivityDestroyed(Activity activity) {
    }

    @Override
    public void onConfigurationChanged(Configuration configuration) {
    }

    @Override
    public void onLowMemory() {
    }

    @Override
    public void onTrimMemory(int i) {
        if(i == ComponentCallbacks2.TRIM_MEMORY_UI_HIDDEN){
            Log.d(TAG, "app went to background");
            isInBackground = true;
        }
    }
}

然后将其添加到Application类的onCreate()中

public class MyApp extends android.app.Application {

    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        super.onCreate();

        ApplicationLifeCycleHandler handler = new ApplicationLifeCycleHandler();
        registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks(handler);
        registerComponentCallbacks(handler);

    }

}

我们可以使用LiveData扩展这个解决方案:

class AppForegroundStateLiveData : LiveData<AppForegroundStateLiveData.State>() {

    private var lifecycleListener: LifecycleObserver? = null

    override fun onActive() {
        super.onActive()
        lifecycleListener = AppLifecycleListener().also {
            ProcessLifecycleOwner.get().lifecycle.addObserver(it)
        }
    }

    override fun onInactive() {
        super.onInactive()
        lifecycleListener?.let {
            this.lifecycleListener = null
            ProcessLifecycleOwner.get().lifecycle.removeObserver(it)
        }
    }

    internal inner class AppLifecycleListener : LifecycleObserver {

        @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START)
        fun onMoveToForeground() {
            value = State.FOREGROUND
        }

        @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP)
        fun onMoveToBackground() {
            value = State.BACKGROUND
        }
    }

    enum class State {
        FOREGROUND, BACKGROUND
    }
}

现在我们可以订阅这个LiveData并捕获所需的事件。例如:

appForegroundStateLiveData.observeForever { state ->
    when(state) {
        AppForegroundStateLiveData.State.FOREGROUND -> { /* app move to foreground */ }
        AppForegroundStateLiveData.State.BACKGROUND -> { /* app move to background */ }
    }
}

2021年11月更新

实际设置如下

class App : Application() {
    override fun onCreate() {
        super.onCreate()
        ProcessLifecycleOwner.get().lifecycle.addObserver(AppLifecycleListener())
    }
}

class AppLifecycleListener : DefaultLifecycleObserver {

    override fun onStart(owner: LifecycleOwner) { // app moved to foreground
    }

    override fun onStop(owner: LifecycleOwner) { // app moved to background
    }
}

依赖关系

implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-process:$lifecycle_version"
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-common:$lifecycle_version"

原来的答案

ProcessLifecycleOwner似乎也是一个很有前途的解决方案。

ProcessLifecycleOwner将分派ON_START, ON_RESUME事件，当第一个活动通过这些事件时。ON_PAUSE, ON_STOP，事件将在最后一个活动通过它们后延迟分派。这个延迟足够长，可以保证ProcessLifecycleOwner在由于配置更改而销毁和重新创建活动时不会发送任何事件。

实现可以简单到

class AppLifecycleListener : LifecycleObserver {

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START)
    fun onMoveToForeground() { // app moved to foreground
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP)
    fun onMoveToBackground() { // app moved to background
    }
}

// register observer
ProcessLifecycleOwner.get().lifecycle.addObserver(AppLifecycleListener())

根据源代码，当前延迟值为700ms。

使用此特性还需要依赖项:

implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-extensions:$lifecycleVersion"

我喜欢ProcessLifecycleOwner方法，但实际上可以跳过所有这些，因为在Activity的onCreate()方法中，可以很容易地确定它是第一次运行还是后续运行:

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    if (savedInstanceState == null) {
        /* savedInstanceState is always null on first run */
    } else {
        /* it's a subsequent run */
    }
}

onPause()和onResume()方法在应用程序被带到后台并再次进入前台时被调用。但是，在应用程序第一次启动时和关闭之前也会调用它们。你可以在活动中阅读更多。

没有任何直接的方法来获得应用程序的状态，而在后台或前台，但即使我已经面临这个问题，并找到解决方案与onWindowFocusChanged和onStop。

更多细节请查看这里Android:解决方案检测当一个Android应用程序去后台，回到前台没有getRunningTasks或getRunningAppProcesses。

ActivityLifecycleCallbacks可能很有趣，但是没有很好的文档。

但是，如果您调用registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks()，您应该能够在活动被创建、销毁等时获得回调。您可以为活动调用getComponentName()。