Private:可由类成员函数和好友函数或好友类访问。 对于c++类，这是默认的访问说明符。

Protected:可由类成员函数、友元函数或友元类及派生类访问。

您可以根据需要将类成员变量或函数(甚至是typedefs或内部类)保留为私有或受保护。 大多数情况下，保持类成员为私有，并添加get/set函数进行封装。这有助于代码的维护。 一般来说，当你想要保持公共函数模块化或消除重复代码而不是将整个代码写入单个函数时，就会使用私有函数。这有助于代码的维护。

更多细节请参考这个链接。

这完全取决于您想要做什么，以及您希望派生类能够看到什么。

class A
{
private:
    int _privInt = 0;
    int privFunc(){return 0;}
    virtual int privVirtFunc(){return 0;}
protected:
    int _protInt = 0;
    int protFunc(){return 0;}
public:
    int _publInt = 0;
    int publFunc()
    {
         return privVirtFunc();
    }
};

class B : public A
{
private:
    virtual int privVirtFunc(){return 1;}
public:
    void func()
    {
        _privInt = 1; // wont work
        _protInt = 1; // will work
        _publInt = 1; // will work
        privFunc(); // wont work
        privVirtFunc(); // will work, simply calls the derived version.
        protFunc(); // will work
        publFunc(); // will return 1 since it's overridden in this class
    }
}

私有访问修饰符和受保护访问修饰符是相同的，只是基类的受保护成员可以在子(派生)类的基类范围之外被访问。 它也同样适用于继承。 但是使用私有修饰符，基类的成员只能在基类的作用域或代码中访问，它的友函数只能是''''

The protected keyword specifies access to class members in the member-list up to the next access specifier (public or private) or the end of the class definition. Class members declared as protected can be used only by the following: Member functions of the class that originally declared these members. Friends of the class that originally declared these members. Classes derived with public or protected access from the class that originally declared these members. Direct privately derived classes that also have private access to protected members. When preceding the name of a base class, the protected keyword specifies that the public and protected members of the base class are protected members of its derived classes. Protected members are not as private as private members, which are accessible only to members of the class in which they are declared, but they are not as public as public members, which are accessible in any function. Protected members that are also declared as static are accessible to any friend or member function of a derived class. Protected members that are not declared as static are accessible to friends and member functions in a derived class only through a pointer to, reference to, or object of the derived class.

保护(c++)

Private:可由类成员函数和好友函数或好友类访问。 对于c++类，这是默认的访问说明符。

Protected:可由类成员函数、友元函数或友元类及派生类访问。

您可以根据需要将类成员变量或函数(甚至是typedefs或内部类)保留为私有或受保护。 大多数情况下，保持类成员为私有，并添加get/set函数进行封装。这有助于代码的维护。 一般来说，当你想要保持公共函数模块化或消除重复代码而不是将整个代码写入单个函数时，就会使用私有函数。这有助于代码的维护。

更多细节请参考这个链接。

私有成员只能在定义它们的类中访问。

可在定义受保护成员的类中以及从该类继承的类中访问受保护成员。

编辑:两者都可以被其类的友元访问，如果是受保护成员，则可以被其派生类的友元访问。

编辑2:使用任何在你的问题上下文中有意义的东西。您应该尽可能地将成员设为private，以减少耦合并保护基类的实现，但如果不可能，则使用受保护的成员。查看c++常见问题以更好地理解这个问题。这个关于受保护变量的问题可能也有帮助。