为了完整起见，这里是用标准C语言实现的浮点数。

double next_power_of_two(double value) {
    int exp;
    if(frexp(value, &exp) == 0.5) {
        // Omit this case to round precise powers of two up to the *next* power
        return value;
    }
    return ldexp(1.0, exp);
}

c++ 14 clp2的constexpr版本

#include <iostream>
#include <type_traits>

// Closest least power of 2 minus 1. Returns 0 if n = 0.
template <typename UInt, std::enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned<UInt>::value,int> = 0>
  constexpr UInt clp2m1(UInt n, unsigned i = 1) noexcept
    { return i < sizeof(UInt) * 8 ? clp2m1(UInt(n | (n >> i)),i << 1) : n; }

/// Closest least power of 2 minus 1. Returns 0 if n <= 0.
template <typename Int, std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Int>::value && std::is_signed<Int>::value,int> = 0>
  constexpr auto clp2m1(Int n) noexcept
    { return clp2m1(std::make_unsigned_t<Int>(n <= 0 ? 0 : n)); }

/// Closest least power of 2. Returns 2^N: 2^(N-1) < n <= 2^N. Returns 0 if n <= 0.
template <typename Int, std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Int>::value,int> = 0>
  constexpr auto clp2(Int n) noexcept
    { return clp2m1(std::make_unsigned_t<Int>(n-1)) + 1; }

/// Next power of 2. Returns 2^N: 2^(N-1) <= n < 2^N. Returns 1 if n = 0. Returns 0 if n < 0.
template <typename Int, std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Int>::value,int> = 0>
  constexpr auto np2(Int n) noexcept
    { return clp2m1(std::make_unsigned_t<Int>(n)) + 1; }

template <typename T>
  void test(T v) { std::cout << clp2(v) << std::endl; }

int main()
{
    test(-5);                          // 0
    test(0);                           // 0
    test(8);                           // 8
    test(31);                          // 32
    test(33);                          // 64
    test(789);                         // 1024
    test(char(260));                   // 4
    test(unsigned(-1) - 1);            // 0
    test<long long>(unsigned(-1) - 1); // 4294967296

    return 0;
}

C / c++中用于整数输入的高效微软(例如Visual Studio 2017)特定解决方案。在检查最有效的1位的位置之前，通过递减处理输入完全匹配2的幂值的情况。

inline unsigned int ExpandToPowerOf2(unsigned int Value)
{
    unsigned long Index;
    _BitScanReverse(&Index, Value - 1);
    return (1U << (Index + 1));
}

// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

#if defined(WIN64) // The _BitScanReverse64 intrinsic is only available for 64 bit builds because it depends on x64

inline unsigned long long ExpandToPowerOf2(unsigned long long Value)
{
    unsigned long Index;
    _BitScanReverse64(&Index, Value - 1);
    return (1ULL << (Index + 1));
}

#endif

这将为英特尔处理器生成5个左右的内联指令，类似如下:

dec eax
bsr rcx, rax
inc ecx
mov eax, 1
shl rax, cl

显然Visual Studio c++编译器并没有针对编译时值进行优化，但这里并没有大量的指令。

编辑:

如果你想让输入值1产生1(2的0次方)，对上面代码的一个小修改仍然会生成没有分支的直通指令。

inline unsigned int ExpandToPowerOf2(unsigned int Value)
{
    unsigned long Index;
    _BitScanReverse(&Index, --Value);
    if (Value == 0)
        Index = (unsigned long) -1;
    return (1U << (Index + 1));
}

生成更多的指令。诀窍在于Index可以被一个测试后跟一个cmove指令所取代。

检查Bit Twiddling Hacks。你需要得到以2为底的对数，然后加上1。32位值的示例:

四舍五入到下一个2的最高次幂 Unsigned int v;//计算32位v的下一个最高次幂2 v -; V |= V >> 1; V |= V >> 2; V |= V >> 4; V |= V >> 8; V |= V >> 16; v + +;

延伸到其他宽度应该是明显的。

unsigned long upper_power_of_two(unsigned long v)
{
    v--;
    v |= v >> 1;
    v |= v >> 2;
    v |= v >> 4;
    v |= v >> 8;
    v |= v >> 16;
    v++;
    return v;

}

对于任何unsigned类型，构建在Bit Twiddling Hacks上:

#include <climits>
#include <type_traits>

template <typename UnsignedType>
UnsignedType round_up_to_power_of_2(UnsignedType v) {
  static_assert(std::is_unsigned<UnsignedType>::value, "Only works for unsigned types");
  v--;
  for (size_t i = 1; i < sizeof(v) * CHAR_BIT; i *= 2) //Prefer size_t "Warning comparison between signed and unsigned integer"
  {
    v |= v >> i;
  }
  return ++v;
}

这里并没有真正的循环，因为编译器在编译时知道迭代的次数。