为什么下面的工作正常?

String str;
while (condition) {
    str = calculateStr();
    .....
}

但是下面这个被认为是危险的/不正确的:

while (condition) {
    String str = calculateStr();
    .....
}

有必要在循环之外声明变量吗?


当前回答

实际上,上面提到的问题是一个编程问题。你想如何编写代码?在哪里需要访问“STR”?声明一个局部用作全局变量的变量是没有用的。我相信这是编程基础知识。

其他回答

我比较了这两个(相似的)例子的字节代码:

我们来看1。例子:

package inside;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        while(true){
            String str = String.valueOf(System.currentTimeMillis());
            System.out.println(str);
        }
    }
}

在javac Test.java, javap -c Test之后,你会得到:

public class inside.Test extends java.lang.Object{
public inside.Test();
  Code:
   0:   aload_0
   1:   invokespecial   #1; //Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
   4:   return

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
  Code:
   0:   invokestatic    #2; //Method java/lang/System.currentTimeMillis:()J
   3:   invokestatic    #3; //Method java/lang/String.valueOf:(J)Ljava/lang/String;
   6:   astore_1
   7:   getstatic       #4; //Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
   10:  aload_1
   11:  invokevirtual   #5; //Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
   14:  goto    0

}

让我们看看2。例子:

package outside;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str;
        while(true){
            str =  String.valueOf(System.currentTimeMillis());
            System.out.println(str);
        }
    }
}

在javac Test.java, javap -c Test之后,你会得到:

public class outside.Test extends java.lang.Object{
public outside.Test();
  Code:
   0:   aload_0
   1:   invokespecial   #1; //Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
   4:   return

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
  Code:
   0:   invokestatic    #2; //Method java/lang/System.currentTimeMillis:()J
   3:   invokestatic    #3; //Method java/lang/String.valueOf:(J)Ljava/lang/String;
   6:   astore_1
   7:   getstatic       #4; //Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
   10:  aload_1
   11:  invokevirtual   #5; //Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
   14:  goto    0

}

观察结果表明,这两个例子没有什么不同。这是JVM规范的结果……

但是为了最佳编码实践的名义,建议在尽可能小的范围内声明变量(在本例中,它是在循环内部,因为这是唯一使用变量的地方)。

str变量将可用,并在内存中保留一些空间,即使在执行下面的代码之后。

 String str;
    while(condition){
        str = calculateStr();
        .....
    }

str变量将不可用,内存也将被释放,这是在下面的代码中为str变量分配的。

while(condition){
    String str = calculateStr();
    .....
}

如果我们采用第二种方法,肯定会减少系统内存,提高性能。

我认为物体的大小也很重要。 在我的一个项目中,我们声明并初始化了一个大型二维数组,该数组使应用程序抛出内存不足异常。 我们将声明移出循环,并在每次迭代开始时清除数组。

局部变量的作用域应该总是尽可能的小。

在你的例子中,我假设str没有在while循环之外使用,否则你就不会问这个问题,因为在while循环内部声明它不是一个选项,因为它不会编译。

因此,由于str不在循环之外使用,因此str的最小作用域是在while循环内。

因此,答案强调str绝对应该在while循环中声明。没有如果,没有并且,没有但是。

The only case where this rule might be violated is if for some reason it is of vital importance that every clock cycle must be squeezed out of the code, in which case you might want to consider instantiating something in an outer scope and reusing it instead of re-instantiating it on every iteration of an inner scope. However, this does not apply to your example, due to the immutability of strings in java: a new instance of str will always be created in the beginning of your loop and it will have to be thrown away at the end of it, so there is no possibility to optimize there.

编辑:(在答案下面注入我的评论)

In any case, the right way to do things is to write all your code properly, establish a performance requirement for your product, measure your final product against this requirement, and if it does not satisfy it, then go optimize things. And what usually ends up happening is that you find ways to provide some nice and formal algorithmic optimizations in just a couple of places which make our program meet its performance requirements instead of having to go all over your entire code base and tweak and hack things in order to squeeze clock cycles here and there.

根据谷歌Android开发指南,变量范围应该是有限的。请查看此链接:

极限变量范围