我收集了一些极端案例和脑筋急转弯,总是想听到更多。这个页面只涵盖了c#语言的一些细节,但我也发现了。net核心的东西也很有趣。例如,这里有一个没有在页面上,但我觉得不可思议:

string x = new string(new char[0]);
string y = new string(new char[0]);
Console.WriteLine(object.ReferenceEquals(x, y));

我希望输出False -毕竟,“new”(具有引用类型)总是创建一个新对象,不是吗?c#和CLI的规范都表明应该这样做。嗯,在这个特殊情况下不是这样。它输出True,并且在我测试过的框架的每个版本上都是这样。(不可否认,我还没有在Mono上尝试过……)

只是为了澄清,这只是我正在寻找的事情的一个例子-我并不是特别寻找对这个奇怪现象的讨论/解释。(这和普通的弦乐实习不一样;特别地,当调用构造函数时,字符串实习通常不会发生。)我真的是在要求类似的奇怪行为。

还有其他的宝藏吗?


当前回答

你有没有想过c#编译器会生成无效的CIL?运行这个,你会得到一个typeloadeexception:

interface I<T> {
  T M(T p);
}
abstract class A<T> : I<T> {
  public abstract T M(T p);
}
abstract class B<T> : A<T>, I<int> {
  public override T M(T p) { return p; }
  public int M(int p) { return p * 2; }
}
class C : B<int> { }

class Program {
  static void Main(string[] args) {
    Console.WriteLine(new C().M(42));
  }
}

但我不知道它在c# 4.0编译器中表现如何。

编辑:这是从我的系统输出:

C:\Temp>type Program.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace ConsoleApplication1 {

  interface I<T> {
    T M(T p);
  }
  abstract class A<T> : I<T> {
    public abstract T M(T p);
  }
  abstract class B<T> : A<T>, I<int> {
    public override T M(T p) { return p; }
    public int M(int p) { return p * 2; }
  }
  class C : B<int> { }

  class Program {
    static void Main(string[] args) {
      Console.WriteLine(new C().M(11));
    }
  }

}
C:\Temp>csc Program.cs
Microsoft (R) Visual C# 2008 Compiler version 3.5.30729.1
for Microsoft (R) .NET Framework version 3.5
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


C:\Temp>Program

Unhandled Exception: System.TypeLoadException: Could not load type 'ConsoleAppli
cation1.C' from assembly 'Program, Version=0.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyTo
ken=null'.
   at ConsoleApplication1.Program.Main(String[] args)

C:\Temp>peverify Program.exe

Microsoft (R) .NET Framework PE Verifier.  Version  3.5.30729.1
Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

[token  0x02000005] Type load failed.
[IL]: Error: [C:\Temp\Program.exe : ConsoleApplication1.Program::Main][offset 0x
00000001] Unable to resolve token.
2 Error(s) Verifying Program.exe

C:\Temp>ver

Microsoft Windows XP [Version 5.1.2600]

其他回答

今天刚发现一件小玩意儿

public class Base
{
   public virtual void Initialize(dynamic stuff) { 
   //...
   }
}
public class Derived:Base
{
   public override void Initialize(dynamic stuff) {
   base.Initialize(stuff);
   //...
   }
}

这会引发编译错误。

对方法'Initialize'的调用需要动态分派,但不能这样做,因为它是基本访问表达式的一部分。考虑强制转换动态参数或取消基本访问。

如果我写底。初始化(stuff as object);它工作得很完美,但这似乎是一个“神奇的词”,因为它的功能完全相同,一切仍然是动态的……

我想我之前向您展示过这个,但我喜欢这里的乐趣——这需要一些调试才能跟踪!(原来的代码显然更加复杂和微妙……)

    static void Foo<T>() where T : new()
    {
        T t = new T();
        Console.WriteLine(t.ToString()); // works fine
        Console.WriteLine(t.GetHashCode()); // works fine
        Console.WriteLine(t.Equals(t)); // works fine

        // so it looks like an object and smells like an object...

        // but this throws a NullReferenceException...
        Console.WriteLine(t.GetType());
    }

那么T是什么?

答:任何可空<T> -如int?。所有的方法都被重写,除了GetType()不能;因此它被强制转换为object(因此为null)来调用object. gettype()…哪个调用null;-p


更新:情节变得越来越复杂……Ayende Rahien在他的博客上提出了类似的挑战,但使用了where T: class, new():

private static void Main() {
    CanThisHappen<MyFunnyType>();
}

public static void CanThisHappen<T>() where T : class, new() {
    var instance = new T(); // new() on a ref-type; should be non-null, then
    Debug.Assert(instance != null, "How did we break the CLR?");
}

但它是可以被打败的!使用与远程处理一样的间接方式;警告-以下是纯粹的邪恶:

class MyFunnyProxyAttribute : ProxyAttribute {
    public override MarshalByRefObject CreateInstance(Type serverType) {
        return null;
    }
}
[MyFunnyProxy]
class MyFunnyType : ContextBoundObject { }

在此之后,new()调用被重定向到代理(MyFunnyProxyAttribute),该代理返回null。现在去洗眼睛!

PropertyInfo.SetValue()可以将int赋值给enum,将int赋值给可空的int,将enum赋值给可空的enum,但不能将int赋值给可空的enum。

enumProperty.SetValue(obj, 1, null); //works
nullableIntProperty.SetValue(obj, 1, null); //works
nullableEnumProperty.SetValue(obj, MyEnum.Foo, null); //works
nullableEnumProperty.SetValue(obj, 1, null); // throws an exception !!!

完整描述在这里

This one's pretty hard to top. I ran into it while I was trying to build a RealProxy implementation that truly supports Begin/EndInvoke (thanks MS for making this impossible to do without horrible hacks). This example is basically a bug in the CLR, the unmanaged code path for BeginInvoke doesn't validate that the return message from RealProxy.PrivateInvoke (and my Invoke override) is returning an instance of an IAsyncResult. Once it's returned, the CLR gets incredibly confused and loses any idea of whats going on, as demonstrated by the tests at the bottom.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Runtime.Remoting.Proxies;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging;

namespace BrokenProxy
{
    class NotAnIAsyncResult
    {
        public string SomeProperty { get; set; }
    }

    class BrokenProxy : RealProxy
    {
        private void HackFlags()
        {
            var flagsField = typeof(RealProxy).GetField("_flags", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
            int val = (int)flagsField.GetValue(this);
            val |= 1; // 1 = RemotingProxy, check out System.Runtime.Remoting.Proxies.RealProxyFlags
            flagsField.SetValue(this, val);
        }

        public BrokenProxy(Type t)
            : base(t)
        {
            HackFlags();
        }

        public override IMessage Invoke(IMessage msg)
        {
            var naiar = new NotAnIAsyncResult();
            naiar.SomeProperty = "o noes";
            return new ReturnMessage(naiar, null, 0, null, (IMethodCallMessage)msg);
        }
    }

    interface IRandomInterface
    {
        int DoSomething();
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            BrokenProxy bp = new BrokenProxy(typeof(IRandomInterface));
            var instance = (IRandomInterface)bp.GetTransparentProxy();
            Func<int> doSomethingDelegate = instance.DoSomething;
            IAsyncResult notAnIAsyncResult = doSomethingDelegate.BeginInvoke(null, null);

            var interfaces = notAnIAsyncResult.GetType().GetInterfaces();
            Console.WriteLine(!interfaces.Any() ? "No interfaces on notAnIAsyncResult" : "Interfaces");
            Console.WriteLine(notAnIAsyncResult is IAsyncResult); // Should be false, is it?!
            Console.WriteLine(((NotAnIAsyncResult)notAnIAsyncResult).SomeProperty);
            Console.WriteLine(((IAsyncResult)notAnIAsyncResult).IsCompleted); // No way this works.
        }
    }
}

输出:

No interfaces on notAnIAsyncResult
True
o noes

Unhandled Exception: System.EntryPointNotFoundException: Entry point was not found.
   at System.IAsyncResult.get_IsCompleted()
   at BrokenProxy.Program.Main(String[] args) 

如果您有一个泛型类,它的方法可以根据类型参数而变得模糊,该怎么办?我最近在写一本双向词典时遇到了这种情况。我想要编写对称的Get()方法,它将返回传递的任何参数的相反值。就像这样:

class TwoWayRelationship<T1, T2>
{
    public T2 Get(T1 key) { /* ... */ }
    public T1 Get(T2 key) { /* ... */ }
}

如果你创建一个实例,其中T1和T2是不同类型的,那么一切都很好:

var r1 = new TwoWayRelationship<int, string>();
r1.Get(1);
r1.Get("a");

但如果T1和T2是相同的(可能如果一个是另一个的子类),这是一个编译器错误:

var r2 = new TwoWayRelationship<int, int>();
r2.Get(1);  // "The call is ambiguous..."

有趣的是,第二种情况下的所有其他方法仍然可用;只有调用现在模棱两可的方法才会导致编译器错误。有趣的案例,只是有点不太可能和晦涩。