我读过各种关于测试中模仿和存根的文章,包括Martin Fowler的《Mocks Aren't Stubs》,但我仍然不理解其中的区别。


当前回答

Stubs vs. Mocks Stubs provide specific answers to methods calls ex: myStubbedService.getValues() just return a String needed by the code under test used by code under test to isolate it cannot fail test ex: myStubbedService.getValues() just returns the stubbed value often implement abstract methods Mocks "superset" of stubs; can assert that certain methods are called ex: verify that myMockedService.getValues() is called only once used to test behaviour of code under test can fail test ex: verify that myMockedService.getValues() was called once; verification fails, because myMockedService.getValues() was not called by my tested code often mocks interfaces

其他回答

下面是对每一个的描述,然后是真实世界的样本。

Dummy - just bogus values to satisfy the API. Example: If you're testing a method of a class which requires many mandatory parameters in a constructor which have no effect on your test, then you may create dummy objects for the purpose of creating new instances of a class. Fake - create a test implementation of a class which may have a dependency on some external infrastructure. (It's good practice that your unit test does NOT actually interact with external infrastructure.) Example: Create fake implementation for accessing a database, replace it with in-memory collection. Stub - override methods to return hard-coded values, also referred to as state-based. Example: Your test class depends on a method Calculate() taking 5 minutes to complete. Rather than wait for 5 minutes you can replace its real implementation with stub that returns hard-coded values; taking only a small fraction of the time. Mock - very similar to Stub but interaction-based rather than state-based. This means you don't expect from Mock to return some value, but to assume that specific order of method calls are made. Example: You're testing a user registration class. After calling Save, it should call SendConfirmationEmail.

存根和Mock实际上是Mock的子类型,两者都交换了实际实现和测试实现,但出于不同的、特定的原因。

假设你有一个名为EmployeeService的类,你想测试它,并且它对一个名为EmployeeDao的接口有一个依赖:

public class EmployeeService{
   private EmployeeDao dao;
   public EmployeeService(Dao dao){this.dao = dao;}

   public String getEmployeeName(int id){
     Employee emp = bar.goToDatabaseAndBringTheEmployeeWithId(id);
     return emp != null?emp.getFullName:null;
   }
   //Further state and behavior
}

public interface EmployeeDao{
  Employee goToDatabaseAndBringTheEmployeeWithId(int id);
}

在测试类内部:

public class EmployeeServiceTest{
   EmployeeService service;
   EmployeeDao mockDao = Mockito.mock(EmployeeDao.class);//Line 3

   @Before
   public void setUp(){
     service = new EmployeeService(mockDao);
   }
   //Tests
   //....
}

在上面的测试类的第3行中,我们对mock框架(在本例中是Mockito)说“嘿,Mockito,给我做一个具有EmployeeDao功能的对象。”框架将创建一个对象,它有goToDatabaseAndBringTheEmployeeWithId方法,但实际上没有主体。你的工作就是指导那个mock做什么。这是一个嘲弄。

但是你也可以创建一个实现EmployeeDao接口的类,并在测试类中使用它:

public EmployeeDaoStub implements EmployeeDao{
   public Employee goToDatabaseAndBringTheEmployeeWithId(int id){
      //No trip to DB, just returning a dummy Employee object
      return new Employee("John","Woo","123 Lincoln str");
   }
}

在你的测试类中,这次使用stub而不是mock:

public class EmployeeServiceTest{
   EmployeeService service;
   EmployeeDao daoStub = new EmployeeDaoStub();//Line 3

   @Before
   public void setUp(){
     service = new EmployeeService(daoStub);
   }
   //Tests
   //....
}

因此,为了包装这一切,存根是您(或其他人)专门创建的类,以模仿某些依赖关系,只是为了拥有所需的状态。是的,正如其他人所说,它主要是关于一个状态,而mock通常是由mock框架创建的,您不知道它的内部是什么样子的。但是使用存根,您知道将得到什么类:它是您创建的类。

哦,顺便说一下,如果你的依赖项是一个类而不是一个接口,你可以扩展这个类来创建你的存根。

在codeschool.com的课程《Rails僵尸测试》中,他们给出了这些术语的定义:

Stub

用于将方法替换为返回指定结果的代码。

Mock

带有调用方法的断言的存根。

因此,正如Sean Copenhaver在他的回答中所描述的那样,不同之处在于mock设置了期望(即做出断言,关于是否或如何调用它们)。

Mock——Mock拦截对一个方法或函数的调用(或者像模拟类那样的一组方法和函数)。它不是该方法或函数的替代品。在那次拦截中,mock可以做任何它想做的事情,比如记录输入和输出,决定短路调用,更改返回值,等等。

存根——存根是一个有效的方法或函数(或一组方法和函数,就像存根类一样)的完整工作实现,它与它存根的方法、函数或一组方法和函数具有相同的接口/签名。stub实现通常只会做在单元测试上下文中可以接受的事情,这意味着它不会做IO,同时模仿它要stub的东西的行为。

Stub

我相信最大的区别是您已经编写了带有预定行为的存根。所以你会有一个实现依赖的类(很可能是抽象类或接口),你是为了测试目的而伪造的,方法只是用设置的响应来存根。它们不会做任何花哨的事情,而且您应该已经在测试之外为它编写了存根代码。

Mock

模拟是测试的一部分,你必须根据你的期望来设置。mock并不是预先设定好的,所以您可以在测试中使用它。模拟在某种程度上是在运行时确定的,因为设置期望的代码必须在它们执行任何操作之前运行。

mock和stub的区别

使用模拟编写的测试通常遵循初始化->设置期望->练习->验证模式进行测试。而预先编写的存根将遵循初始化->练习->验证。

mock和stub之间的相似性

这两种方法的目的都是为了消除对类或函数的所有依赖项的测试,从而使您的测试在试图证明的内容方面更加集中和简单。