动态规划是对普通递归算法的优化，它考虑所有输入的组合以提供最合适的答案。这种方法有一个缺点，它的时间复杂度很高。使用记忆法可以使记忆更有效。它将存储子问题的每个输出，并在该算法再次尝试解决该子问题时直接给出答案。这可以使算法具有多项式的时间复杂度。

记忆和动态规划都只解决单个子问题一次。

记忆化使用递归并自顶向下工作，而动态规划则相反，自底向上解决问题。

下面是一个有趣的类比

自上而下-首先你说我将接管世界。你会怎么做呢?你说我会先拿下亚洲。你会怎么做呢?我会先接管印度。我会成为德里的首席部长，等等。

自下而上——你说我会成为德里的首席部长。然后我会接管印度，然后是亚洲所有其他国家，最后我会接管全世界。

动态规划通常被称为记忆!

Memoization is the top-down technique(start solving the given problem by breaking it down) and dynamic programming is a bottom-up technique(start solving from the trivial sub-problem, up towards the given problem) DP finds the solution by starting from the base case(s) and works its way upwards. DP solves all the sub-problems, because it does it bottom-up Unlike Memoization, which solves only the needed sub-problems DP has the potential to transform exponential-time brute-force solutions into polynomial-time algorithms. DP may be much more efficient because its iterative On the contrary, Memoization must pay for the (often significant) overhead due to recursion.

简单来说， 记忆法使用自顶向下的方法来解决问题，即从核心(主要)问题开始，然后将其分解为子问题，并以类似的方式解决这些子问题。在这种方法中，同一子问题可能会多次出现，消耗更多的CPU周期，从而增加时间复杂度。而在动态规划中，同一子问题不会求解多次，而是利用其先验结果来优化解。

在动态规划中，

没有递归的开销，维护表的开销也更少。 表访问的规则模式可用于减少时间或空间需求。

在记忆中,

有些子问题不需要解决。

动态规划(DP)和记忆化之间有一些相似之处，在大多数情况下，您可以通过记忆实现动态规划过程，反之亦然。但它们确实有一些区别，你应该在决定使用哪种方法时查看它们:

Memoization is a top-down approach during which you decompose a big problem into smaller-size subproblems with the same properties and when the size is small enough you can easily solve it by bruteforcing. Dynamic Programming is a bottom-up approach during which you firstly calculate the answer of small cases and then use them to construct the answer of big cases. During coding, usually memoization is implemented by recursion while dynamic programming does calculation by iteration. So if you have carefully calculate the space and time complexity of your algorithm, using dynamic-programming-style implementation can offer you better performance. There do exist situations where using memoization has advantages. Dynamic programming needs to calculate every subproblem because it doesn't know which one will be useful in the future. But memoization only calculate the subproblems related to the original problem. Sometimes you may design a DP algorithm with theoretically tremendous amount of dp status. But by careful analyses you find that only an acceptable amount of them will be used. In this situation it's preferred to use memoization to avoid huge execution time.

这是一个记忆和DP从斐波那契数问题写在Java的例子。

这里的动态编程不涉及递归，因为它不受执行堆栈的限制，所以结果更快，可以计算出更高的值。

public class Solution {

 public static long fibonacciMemoization(int i) {
    return fibonacciMemoization(i, new long[i + 1]);
 }

 public static long fibonacciMemoization(int i, long[] memo) {
    if (i <= 1) {
        return 1;
    }
    if (memo[i] != 0) {
        return memo[i];
    }
    long val = fibonacciMemoization(i - 1, memo) + fibonacciMemoization(i - 2, memo);
    memo[i] = val;
    return val;
 }

 public static long fibonacciDynamicPrograming(int i) {
    if (i <= 1) {
        return i;
    }
    long[] memo = new long[i + 1];
    memo[0] = 1;
    memo[1] = 1;
    memo[2] = 2;
    for (int j = 3; j <= i; j++) {
        memo[j] = memo[j - 1] + memo[j - 2];
    }
    return memo[i];
 }

 public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println("Fibonacci with Dynamic Programing");
    System.out.println(fibonacciDynamicPrograming(10));
    System.out.println(fibonacciDynamicPrograming(1_000_000));

    System.out.println("Fibonacci with Memoization");
    System.out.println(fibonacciMemoization(10));
    System.out.println(fibonacciMemoization(1_000_000)); //stackoverflow exception
 }
}