根据@Nick keets的回答，这里有一个更完整的例子:

extension String: Error {} // Enables you to throw a string

extension String: LocalizedError { // Adds error.localizedDescription to Error instances
    public var errorDescription: String? { return self }
}

func test(color: NSColor) throws{
    if color == .red {
        throw "I don't like red"
    }else if color == .green {
        throw "I'm not into green"
    }else {
        throw "I like all other colors"
    }
}

do {
    try test(color: .green)
} catch let error where error.localizedDescription == "I don't like red"{
    Swift.print ("Error: \(error)") // "I don't like red"
}catch let error {
    Swift.print ("Other cases: Error: \(error.localizedDescription)") // I like all other colors
}

最初发表于我的swift博客:http://eon.codes/blog/2017/09/01/throwing-simple-errors/

最简单的方法是使String符合Error:

extension String: Error {}

然后你可以抛出一个字符串:

throw "Some Error"

为了让字符串本身成为错误的localizedString，你可以扩展LocalizedError:

extension String: LocalizedError {
    public var errorDescription: String? { return self }
}

我喜欢@Alexander-Borisenko的回答，但是当被捕捉为错误时，本地化的描述没有返回。看起来你需要使用LocalizedError代替:

struct RuntimeError: LocalizedError
{
    let message: String

    init(_ message: String)
    {
        self.message = message
    }

    public var errorDescription: String?
    {
        return message
    }
}

更多细节请看这个答案。

看看这个很酷的版本。其思想是同时实现String和ErrorType协议，并使用错误的rawValue。

enum UserValidationError: String, Error {
  case noFirstNameProvided = "Please insert your first name."
  case noLastNameProvided = "Please insert your last name."
  case noAgeProvided = "Please insert your age."
  case noEmailProvided = "Please insert your email."
}

用法:

do {
  try User.define(firstName,
                  lastName: lastName,
                  age: age,
                  email: email,
                  gender: gender,
                  location: location,
                  phone: phone)
}
catch let error as User.UserValidationError {
  print(error.rawValue)
  return
}

根据@Nick keets的回答，这里有一个更完整的例子:

extension String: Error {} // Enables you to throw a string

extension String: LocalizedError { // Adds error.localizedDescription to Error instances
    public var errorDescription: String? { return self }
}

func test(color: NSColor) throws{
    if color == .red {
        throw "I don't like red"
    }else if color == .green {
        throw "I'm not into green"
    }else {
        throw "I like all other colors"
    }
}

do {
    try test(color: .green)
} catch let error where error.localizedDescription == "I don't like red"{
    Swift.print ("Error: \(error)") // "I don't like red"
}catch let error {
    Swift.print ("Other cases: Error: \(error.localizedDescription)") // I like all other colors
}

最初发表于我的swift博客:http://eon.codes/blog/2017/09/01/throwing-simple-errors/

如果你不需要捕捉错误，你想立即停止应用程序，你可以使用一个fatalError: fatalError("自定义消息在这里")